Figure 1.

A schematic model of microautophagy in mammalian cells, yeast, and plant cells.

(a) Non-selective microautophagy is generally achieved by invagination or protrusion of the lysosomal or vacuolar membrane to incorporate various organelles and proteins. (b) Micropexophagy-specific membrane apparatus (MIPA) structures enclose peroxisomes during micropexophagy in the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii. (c) High light-damaged chloroplasts exhibiting a swollen shape are selectively eliminated via microautophagy in Arabidopsis leaves. (d) Extension of the vacuolar membrane itself engulfs an anthocyanin aggregate to incorporate it into the vacuole and form anthocyanin vacuolar inclusions (AVIs).