. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Pharm Sci. 2018 Oct 16;108(2):791–797. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.017

Table 1.

Photo-reactive reagents and their applications

Reagent¹	Applications²	Advantages	Disadvantages	Refs
*Phenyl Azides*
p-azido-L-phenylalanine	PPI	- Structural similarities to phenylalanine	- Short wavelength light required - Low labeling yield - Unexpected side products	7
ABAS-¹²C₆/¹³C₆	PS			5
TmfdPhe	NR			50
*Carbenes*
Photo Leu	PPI, PMI	- Small size - High labeling efficiency - Activation wavelength safe for proteins	- Unexpected side products	1, 6, 44, 45
Photo Met	PPI			1, 44, 45
AbK	PPI			46
Photo Lys	PPI			47
TmdZLys	PPI			48
TFMD	PA			59
NHS-SDA	PS, PMI			5, 22
DA-2	PLB			54
*Benzophenones*
pBpA	PPI, PLB, PDB	- Genetically encoded	- Limited structural flexibility	27–29, 49
CBS-¹²C₆/¹³C₆	PS	- Genetically encoded	- Limited structural flexibility	5
*Other Reagents*
Cyclopropenone	Click	- Largely unknown	- Largely unknown	36
ACT	Target ID			37
AdoMet	Labeling			39–42

See text for abbreviations and full chemical names.

Abbreviations: PPI = protein-protein interactions, PS = protein structure determination, NR = none reported, PMI = protein-matrix interactions in solid samples, PA = protein aggregates, PLB = protein-ligand binding, PDB = protein-DNA binding, Click = photo-activated click chemistry, Target ID = drug target identification, Labeling = labeling of methyltransferases and DNA.