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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Midwifery Womens Health. 2018 Dec 6;64(1):88–97. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12923

Figure 2. Quality appraisal of included studies using a modified Downs and Black Checklist.

Figure 2.

Source: Downs & Black, 1998 36

NOTE: The Downs and Black checklist is organized into four broad categories: reporting, external validity, internal validity (bias and confounding), and power. Twelve questions not applicable to cross-sectional or cohort studies were removed: questions 4 and 8 (reporting), 12 and 13 (external validity), 14–16, 19, 21, 23 and 24 (internal validity); and 27 (power). The modified scale contained 15-items with a maximum score of 16 possible points: 9 points for reporting (one question had a 2-point option); 1 point for external validity; and 6 points for internal validity.