Table 6. Adjusted odds of less effective or no contraceptive use, instead of more effective contraceptive use, by glycemic control of women with diabetes ages 24–32 in Add Health, Wave IV (N=381).

	Less effective contraceptiona,b	No contraceptiona	Pc
	aOR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)
Glycemic Control			.03
A1C < 6.5%	Ref	Ref
A1C ≥ 6.5%	2.04 (0.79−5.29)	0.62 (0.25−1.54)
Race/ethnicity			< .001
Non-Hispanic white	Ref	Ref
Non-Hispanic black	1.76 (0.68−4.53)	0.83 (0.35−1.93)
Hispanic	2.85 (1.09− 7.49)	0.22 (0.06−0.81)
Native American	d	d
Asian	d	d
Education			.58
College graduate or more	Ref	Ref
Some college or vocational school	0.64 (0.26−1.62)	1.57 (0.55−4.50)
High school graduate	0.63 (0.19−2.11)	1.75 (0.57−5.42)
Less than high school	1.24 (0.26−5.79)	1.09 (0.17−7.02)
Insurance			.13
Private insurance	Ref	Ref
Medicaid	2.22 (0.84− 5.88)	1.08 (0.28− 4.17)
No insurance	2.39 (0.87−6.54)	2.41 (0.98−5.95)
Access to Care			.56
Had access	Ref	Ref
Lacked access	1.23 (0.57−2.62)	0.8 (0.3−1.7)
BMI			.27
Normal/underweight	Ref	Ref
Overweight	1.79 (0.58−5.53)	2.69 (0.63−11.58)
Obese	1.48 (0.49−4.51)	3.80 (1.05−13.77)

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aThe base outcome is more effective contraception use. More effective contraceptive methods are tubal ligation/sterilization; vasectomy; IUD (intrauterine device), coil, loop; emergency IUD insertion; Norplant; birth control pills; Patch (Ortho Evra); ring (NuvaRing); and shot (Depo-Provera). Outcome modeled with multinomial logit regression.

^bLess effective methods are condoms (rubbers); female condom; diaphragm, cap or shield; natural family planning (safe periods by temperature, cervical mucus test); rhythm or safe period by calendar; emergency contraception or “morning after” pill; withdrawal (pulling out); vaginal sponge; contraceptive film; and spermicide foam, jelly, creme, suppositories.

^cAdjusted Wald Test conducted.

^dCell counts too small to report per Add Health guidelines.