Table 3. Fitted Cox model for overall survival using inverse probability of treatment weighting.

Variable	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
Treatment
Local excision	1
Esophagectomy	1.15 (1.01–1.30)	0.037
Chemoradiation	2.41 (2.09–2.78)	<0.001
Observation	3.79 (3.33–4.32)	<0.001
Age group, years
≤50	1
51–60	1.34 (1.08–1.68)	0.009
61–70	1.53 (1.23–1.91)	<0.001
71–80	2.07 (1.65–2.60)	<0.001
>80	3.32 (2.62–4.20)	<0.001
Sex
Male	1
Female	0.97 (0.87–1.08)	0.567
Race
White	1
Black	0.94 (0.78–1.13)	0.484
Other	0.83 (0.65–1.05)	0.121
Comorbidity score
0	1
1	1.34 (1.21–1.49)	<0.001
≥ 2	1.31 (1.13–1.51)	<0.001
Median income
≥$46,000	1
$35,000–$45,000	1.11 (1.00–1.24)	0.048
$30,000–$34,999	1.23 (1.08–1.40)	0.001
<$30,000	1.72 (1.49–1.97)	<0.001
Unknown	1.20 (0.99–1.47)	0.07
Medical insurance
Medicare	1
Private	0.78 (0.69–0.87)	<0.001
Medicaid	1.06 (0.85–1.31)	0.601
Other government	0.72 (0.47–1.1)	0.126
Uninsured	1.09 (0.82–1.45)	0.538
Unknown	1.27 (0.92–1.75)	0.141
Tumor location
Lower third	1
Middle third	1.18 (1.04–1.34)	0.009
Upper third	1.12 (0.93–1.36)	0.245
Unknown	1.02 (0.91–1.16)	0.702
Tumor grade
1	1
2	1.29 (1.10–1.50)	0.001
3	1.95 (1.67–2.27)	<0.001
Other/unknown	0.96 (0.82–1.13)	0.609
Facility type
Academic	1
Non-academic	1.21 (1.10–1.32)	<0.001
Distance from facility
0–25 miles	1
>25 miles	0.77 (0.70–0.85)	<0.001