Table 1. Prospective studies reporting toxicity and outcomes of SBRT for patients with centrally located NSCLC.

Reference	Central only	Stage and patient number	Definition of “Central Tumors”	SBRT dose	Heterogeneity correction	Median follow-up (months)	Survival	Local control	Grade 3+ toxicities (%)	Grade 5 toxicities
Timmerman et al. [2006] (11); Phase II	No	T1-2N0, N=70	GTV within central zone (RTOG 0236)	20 Gy ×3; 22 Gy ×3	No	18	MS: 32.6 months; central vs. peripheral: no difference	2 y-LC: 95%	46	1× hemorrhage; 1× pericardial effusion; 4× bacterial pneumonia
Xia et al. [2006] (4); Phase II	No	T1-2N0, N=43	–	7 Gy ×10	No	27	3 y-OS: Stage 1, 91%; Stage 2, 64%	3 y-LC: 95%	0	0%
Fakiris et al. [2009] (Update of Timmerman study) (3); Phase II	No	T1-2N0, N=70	Same as Timmerman et al. [2006]	20 Gy ×3; 22 Gy ×3	No	50	3 y-OS: 42.7%; MS: 32.4 months; central vs. peripheral: 24.4 vs. 33.2 months, P=0.697	3 y-LC: 88%	27	1× hemorrhage; 1× respiratory failure; 3× bacterial pneumonia
Bral et al. [2011] (20); Phase II	No	T1-2N0, N=40	RTOG 0813	15 Gy ×4; 20 Gy ×3 (peripheral)	No	16	2 y-OS: 52%; 2 y-PFS: 64%; central vs. peripheral (1-y metastasis-free survival): 79% vs. 91%, P=0.54	2 y-LC: 84%	29	0%; (Patient with grade 3 stenosis died of hemoptysis after stenting)
RTOG 0813; Bezjak et al. [2016] (13); Phase I/II	Yes	T1-2aN0, N=120	GTV within central zone, PTV overlapping w mediastinum (RTOG 0813)	10 Gy ×5; 10.5 Gy ×5; 11 Gy ×5; 11.5 Gy ×5; 12 Gy ×5	Yes	33	2 y-OS: 72.7%; 2 y-PFS: 54.5%	2 y-LC: 87.7%	18	6%; 3× hemorrhage; 1× esophageal ulcer
Roach et al. [2018] (21); Phase I/II	Yes	T1-3N0, N=64	RTOG 0236	9 Gy ×5; 10 Gy ×5; 11 Gy ×5; 12 Gy ×5	–	12	1 y-OS: 81.2%	1 y-LC: 95.4%	17	2%; 1× hemorrhage

SBRT, stereotactic body radiation therapy; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; GTV, gross tumor volume; RTOG, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; Gy, gray; MS, median survival; LC, local control; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; PTV, planning target volume.