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. 2019 Jan 23;13:6. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00006

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes long-term effects on affective behaviors. (A,C,E) Representative heat maps of TBI and Sham animals in the open field (OF), elevated zero maze (EZM) and elevated plus maze (EPM), respectively. Warmer colors represent that the animals spent more time on that zone. (B) Proportion of time in the center of the OF arena. Each circle represents one mouse. Horizontal bars denote means; shaded regions denote SEM. There is a main effect of injury (repeated two-way ANOVA, p < 0.01) and anxiety significantly decreases on week 7. (D) Proportion of time in the open arm of the EZM; conventions as in (B). There is an interaction between time and injury (repeated two-way ANOVA, p < 0.01). Anxiety is significantly increased on week 1 and decreased on week 5. (F) Proportion of time in the open arm of the EPM; conventions as in (B). There is a main effect of injury and time (repeated two-way ANOVA, p < 0.01). Anxiety significantly increases on week 3. Panels (B,D,E) show data are from n = 25 mice in TBI condition, and n = 17 mice in sham condition after removal of outliers at each time point (“Materials and Methods” section); the number of outliers at any time point for any condition did not exceed four mice; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by post hoc t-test with false discovery rate (FDR) correction.