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. 2019 Jan 29;9:891. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37385-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of different inhibitors on GPNA and PNA-induced citotoxicity. Cells were treated with GPNA (250 μM) or PNA (50 μM) for 48 hrs. Where indicated valproic acid (VPAc; 250 μM), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; 50 μM), reversan (10 μM) or verapamil (50 μM) were added to incubation media. Data are expressed as means ± s.d. of six values. Data were analyzed by Student’s t-test. (a) Effects of valproic acid, (*)p < 0.0001 as compared with “GPNA”; (#)p = 0.0001 as compared with “PNA”. (b) Effects of buthionine sulfoximine, (*)p < 0.001 as compared with “GPNA”; (#)p < 0.001 as compared with “PNA”. (c) Effects of reversan and verapamil on GPNA-induced citotoxicity, (*)p < 0.0001 as compared with “GPNA”. (d) Effects of reversan and verapamil on PNA-induced citotoxicity, (#)p < 0.0001 as compared with “PNA”.