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. 2019 Jan 29;9:891. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37385-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of GPNA hydrolysis on cell viability. (a) GGT-mediated hydrolysis of GPNA to the chromogen PNA. (b) GPNA hydrolysis to PNA. A549 cells were incubated with 250 μM GPNA and the release of PNA was monitored at 405 nm for 48 hrs in the presence/absence of the specific GGT inhibitor GGsToP (20 μM). Data are expressed as means ± s.d. (c) Cell viability assessed with the resazurin method and (d) the Trypan blue exclusion test. A549 cells were incubated for 48 hrs with 250 μM GPNA. Where indicated GGsToP (20 μM) was added to the incubation mixture. Data are expressed as means ± s.d. of three to six values and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparisons. (*)p < 0.001 as compared to “GPNA”; (§)p < 0.01 as compared to “Control”.