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. 2019 Jan 29;9:891. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37385-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of GPNA on apoptosis. A549 cells were incubated for 48 hrs with 250 μM GPNA or in a Gln-free medium. Where indicated 20 μM GGsToP was added to the incubation mixture. (a) Apoptosis index as determined by Hoechst staining. Data are expressed as means ± s.d. of six values and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparisons. (*)p < 0.0001 as compared to “Control”. (b) Immunofluorescence for Annexin V positivity of A549 cells treated with GPNA (250 μM), GGsToP (20 μM) or GPNA + GGsToP.