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. 2019 Jan 29;9:891. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37385-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of GPNA and PNA treatment on intracellular glutathione and ROS levels. A549 cells were treated with GPNA (250 μM) or PNA (50 μM) for 48 hrs. Where indicated, GGsToP (20 μM) was added to the incubation medium. At the end of the incubation total intracellular glutathione (a) and intracellular ROS (b) were measured. Data are expressed as means ± s.d. of three values and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparisons. For (a), (*)p < 0.01 as compared to “GPNA”. For (b), (*)p < 0.01 as compared to “Control”.