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. 2019 Jan 29;9:885. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37547-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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C. difficile vegetative cell growth and sporulation efficiency is influenced by defined microbial ecosystem components. CD186 and CD973 were grown BHIS medium containing ethyl acetate-extracted metabolites derived from microbial ecosystems and incubated anaerobically at 37 °C. Vegetative cell growth for CD186 (a) and CD973 (b) was assessed over 20 h. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis (c) was used to quantify the growth of each C. difficile strain in response to defined microbial ecosystem components or bioreactor medium components as a control. Sporulation efficiency of CD186 (d) and CD973 (e) was also determined in response to the spent media from microbial ecosystems. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean from three replicate experiments. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001. NB: There was no statistically significant difference in the sporulation efficiency of the CD186 in response to the DEC58 group compared to other treatment groups at 48 h.