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. 2019 Jan 29;9:854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36674-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Profile of sugar phosphates and anti-oxidants during 58 hr of fasting. (a) Previously unreported changes in sugar phosphates were observed in plasma. 6-phosphogluconate, glucose-6-phosphate, pentose phosphate, and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate are intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway. (b) Profile of sugar phosphates in whole blood. (c) Anti-oxidants increased during fasting: ergothioneine in plasma (left panel) and ophthalmic acid (OA) in whole blood (centre panel), and carnosine in RBCs (right panel). OA is produced by the same enzymes required to generate glutathione. Aminobutyrate, the precursor of OA, also increased (Fig. 2b) in parallel with upregulation of OA, while the level of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) remained constant (Fig. 1e). In each panel, p-values are presented to show the significance of serial change until 58 hr by Friedman test.