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. 2019 Jan 29;9:862. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36925-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell viability and cytokine expression in A549 cells treated with DK-1014. (a) A549 cells were incubated with DK-1014 for 24 h and cell viability was detected using MTT; the A549 cells were pre-treated with DK-1014 for 1 h and then incubated for 12 h with PMA (5 nM). Vehicle control cells was treated with 0.1% DMSO in PBS. (b–d) Cytokines released into the supernatant quantified using ELISA. (e) The mRNA levels of IL-6, 8, and MMP-9 quantified using RT-PCR. The data is expressed as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. ^#p < 0.05 compared to DMSO-treated cells; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.005 compared to PMA-treated cells.