Figure 2.

Phosphorylation of MAPK and AP-1 activation in A549 cells treated with DK-1014. A549 cells were pretreated with DK-1014 or Dexamethasone (DEX) for 1 h and then incubated for 30 min with PMA (5 nM). (a) Phosphorylation of MAPKs was evaluated using western blot analysis and (b) quantified using ImageJ. (c) Nuclear extracts were isolated from the cells using a Pierce kit. (d) AP-1 promoter activity detected using luciferase assays. The data is expressed as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. ^#p < 0.05 compared to DMSO-treated cells; **p < 0.005 compared to PMA-treated cells.