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. 2019 Jan 29;9:900. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36954-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Particle cell interaction is dependent on administration method. (a) Particles administered as a concentrated, mixed, or pre-mixed dose showed variable uptake by J774A.1 mouse monocyte/macrophages as determined by ICP-OES. (b) This phenomenon was mitigated by first incubating the particle at a higher concentration in complete cell culture media, and then either adding as a concentrated dose or pre-mixing (pre-incubation). The trend in administration-dependent cellular interaction was conserved over various scenarios. (c) Administration at 4 °C was conducted to reduce active cellular uptake. (d) Non-specific NP adsorption to the culture plate was tested by incubating particles in complete cell culture medium overnight. Circles represent single data points and boxes represent mean ± one standard deviation. (e,f) AuNP-PVP deposition at 20 and 40 μg Au/mL, respectively, was tested over 24 hr. Lines indicate modified ISDD fit of data with concentrated or pre-mixed assumptions, as well as the standard ISDD conditions.