Table 1.
Patient characteristics by sex
| Males (N = 4159) | Females (N = 2047) | Total (N = 6206) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at cohort entry in years, median (IQR) | 36.5 (30.2 to 43.8) | 37.5 (30.3 to 45.4) | 36.9 (30.3 to 44.3) | 0.007 |
| HIV transmission risk factor, n (%) | ||||
| Heterosexual | 1574 (38) | 1670 (82) | 3244 (52) | <0.001 |
| Men who have sex with men | 1865 (45) | 0 (0) | 1865 (30) | |
| Injection drug use | 164 (4) | 40 (2) | 204 (3) | |
| Other/Unknown/Missing | 556 (14) | 337 (16) | 893 (14) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 2324 (56) | 998 (49) | 3322 (54) | <0.001 |
| Black or Mixed black | 1624 (39) | 955 (47) | 2579 (42) | |
| Other/Unknown/Missing | 211 (5) | 94 (5) | 305 (5) | |
| Education | ||||
| <9 years | 1620 (39) | 1155 (56) | 2775 (45) | <0.001 |
| ≥9 years | 2014 (48) | 613 (30) | 2627 (42) | |
| Unknown or missing | 525 (13) | 279 (14) | 804 (13) | |
| Ever tobacco use | ||||
| Yes | 910 (22) | 599 (29) | 1509 (24) | <0.001 |
| No | 2195 (53) | 1022 (50) | 3217 (52) | |
| Missing | 1054 (25) | 426 (21) | 1480 (24) | |
| Ever alcohol use | ||||
| Yes | 737 (18) | 655 (32) | 1392 (22) | <0.001 |
| No | 2012 (48) | 755 (37) | 2767 (45) | |
| Missing | 1410 (34) | 637 (31) | 2047 (33) | |
| Years in clinic before cohort entry | 0.28 (0.09 to 2.03) | 0.50 (0.09 to 2.61) | 0.34 (0.09 to 2.19) | <0.001 |
| AIDS‐defining illness before cohort entry | 1653 (40) | 656 (32) | 2309 (37) | <0.001 |
| Tuberculosis before cohort entry | 685 (16) | 253 (12) | 938 (15) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis C virus infectionb | 354 (9) | 174 (9) | 528 (9) | 0.988 |
| Chronic hepatitis B virus infectionc | 159 (4) | 29 (1) | 188 (3) | <0.001 |
| CD4 cell count nadir at cohort entry (cells/μL)d | 199 (82 to 290) | 222 (115 to 295) | 208 (91 to 292) | <0.001 |
| CD4 cell count at cohort entry (cells/μL)d | 234 (107 to 333) | 248 (140 to 344) | 238 (118 to 337) | <0.001 |
| Log10 HIV RNA (copies/mL) at cohort entry | 4.76 (4.16 to 5.22) | 4.47 (3.79 to 5.07) | 4.69 (4.03 to 5.18) | <0.001 |
| Undetectable HIV RNA at baseline | ||||
| No | 3216 (77) | 1539 (75) | 4755 (77) | 0.121 |
| Yes | 402 (10) | 228 (11) | 630 (12) | |
| Missing baseline HIV RNA | 541 (13) | 280 (14) | 821 (13) | |
| Year of ART initiation | 2009 (2006 to 2011) | 2008 (2006 to 2011) | 2009 (2006 to 2011) | <0.001 |
| ART regimen | ||||
| NNRTI‐based | 3031 (73) | 1244 (61) | 4275 (69) | <0.001 |
| PI‐based | 1028 (25) | 762 (37) | 1790 (29) | |
| Other | 100 (2) | 41 (2) | 141 (2) | |
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in regimen | ||||
| Zidovudine | 2684 (65) | 1446 (71) | 4130 (67) | <0.001 |
| Tenofovir | 1278 (31) | 479 (23) | 1757 (28) | |
| Other or none | 197 (5) | 122 (6) | 319 (5) | |
| Follow‐up years after cohort entry | 3.7 (1.8 to 6.5) | 4.5 (2.0 to 7.0) | 3.9 (1.9 to 6.8) | <0.001 |
| Prevalent NCDs at cohort entry | ||||
| None | 3923 (94) | 1899 (93) | 5822 (94) | 0.017 |
| One | 179 (4) | 122 (6) | 301 (5) | |
| Two or more | 58 (1) | 27 (1) | 85 (1) | |
| Prevalent NCDs at cohort entry | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 17 (0) | 15 (1) | 32 (1) | 0.094 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 13 (0) | 12 (1) | 25 (0) | 0.110 |
| High grade hyperlipidemia | 104 (3) | 51 (3) | 155 (3) | 0.983 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 5 (0) | 5 (0) | 10 (0) | 0.252 |
| Diabetes | 103 (3) | 58 (3) | 161 (3) | 0.406 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 24 (1) | 11 (1) | 35 (1) | 0.844 |
| Cirrhosis | 14 (0) | 7 (0) | 21 (0) | 0.973 |
| Osteoporosis/osteopenia | 4 (0) | 14 (1) | 18 (0) | <0.001 |
| Non‐AIDS cancer | 14 (0) | 4 (0) | 18 (0) | 0.331 |
| Death during follow‐up | 412 (10) | 181 (9) | 593 (10) | 0.180 |
| Loss to follow‐up | 1160 (28) | 657 (32) | 1817 (29) | 0.001 |
| Clinical Site (city of location) | ||||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1591 (36) | 631 (31) | 2222 (35) | <0.001 |
| Porto Alegre | 706 (17) | 655 (32) | 1361 (22) | |
| São Paulo (CRT) | 784 (19) | 185 (9) | 969 (16) | |
| Belo Horizonte | 363 (9) | 176 (9) | 539 (9) | |
| São Jose do Rio Preto | 253 (6) | 162 (8) | 415 (7) | |
| Salvador | 286 (7) | 145 (7) | 431 (7) | |
| São Paulo (Santana) | 176 (4) | 93 (5) | 269 (4) | |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral; CRT, AIDS Reference and Treatment Center; IQR, interquartile range; NCD, non‐communicable disease; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor. a p value results of Wilcoxon ranksum test of continuous variables and chi‐square test of categorical variables. bHepatitis C infection defined by positive anti‐hepatitis C virus antibody test at any point. cChronic hepatitis B infection defined by positive hepatitis B surface antigen detected at any point. d426 patients (7%) with missing CD4 cell count nadir data. 429 patients (7%) with missing CD4 cell count data at cohort entry.