Table 1.

A summary of studies investigating the autophagic response to acute endurance exercise in skeletal muscle

Author	Subjects	Exercise protocol	Markers of autophagic activity
Jamart, Benoit, et al. (2012), Jamart, Francaux, et al. (2012)	8 experienced ultra‐endurance‐trained males	200 km run (competitive race)	3 hr post‐race: Atg4: ↑ 40% Atg12: ↑ 57% GABARAPL1: ↑ 286% LC3B: ↑ 103% Cathespin L: ↑ 123%	BNIP3: ↑ 123% BNIP31: ↑123% beclin−1: ↔ ULK1: ↔
Jamart, Benoit, et al. (2012), Jamart, Francaux, et al. (2012)	11 experienced ultra‐endurance‐trained males	149.8 km run	10 min postexercise LC3B‐II: ↑ 554% cAtg12: ↑ 36% Atg7: ↔ BNIP3: ↔	beclin−1: ↔ AMPK: ↑ 247% FOXO3a: ↓ 49% mTOR: ↓ 32%
Masschelein et al. (2014)	11 healthy monozygotic twins	20 min cycling ~50% VO2max	Im postexercise LC3‐II (protein expression): ↔ LC3‐I (protein expression): ↔ LC3‐II:I (protein ratio): ↔ cATG12 (protein expression): ↔	p62 (protein expression): ↔ BNIP3 (mRNA expression): ↔ FOXO1/3a (phosphorylation): ↔ AMPK (phosphorylation): ↔
Moller et al. (2015)	8 recreationally‐ active males	60 min cycling ~50% VO2max	90 min postexercise AMPK (phosphorylation): ↑ mTOR (phosphorylation): ↔ ULK1 (phosphorylation): ↑ ULK1 (protein expression): ↔ LC3B‐II (protein expression): ↓ GABARAP (protein expression): ↓	Atg5 (protein expression): ↓ LC3B‐I (protein expression): ↔ LC3B‐II:I (protein ratio): ↓ p62 (protein expression): ↔ beclin−1 (protein expression): ↔
Tachtsis et al. (2016)	16 healthy, untrained males	60 min cycling ~70% VO2max	3 hr postexercise p53 (nuclear protein localization) ↑ Atg5 (protein expression) ↓ ULK1 (protein expression) ↔ LC3B‐I (protein expression) ↔	LC3B‐II (protein expression) ↔ LC3B‐II:I (protein ratio) ↔ p62 (protein expression) ↔
Schwalm et al. (2015)	23 trained males	2 hr cycling: 55% VO2peak (fasted and fed) or 70% VO2peak (fasted and fed)	Im post, 1 hr postexercise ULK1Ser757 (phosphorylation): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↓ Im post; ↓1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↓Im post; ↓1 hr AMPK(phosphorylation): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↑ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↑ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↑ Im post; ↔ 1 hr ULK1Ser317(phosphorylation): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↑ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr LC3B‐II (protein expression): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↓ Im post; ↓ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↓ Im post; ↓ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↓ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↓ Im post; ↓ 1 hr LC3B‐I (protein expression): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr	LC3B‐II:I (protein ratio): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↓ Im post; ↓ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↓ Im post; ↓ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↓ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↓ Im post; ↓ 1 hr p62 (mRNA expression): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↓ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↔ Im post; ↓ 1 hr p62 (protein expression): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↑ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↔Im post; ↑ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr GABARAPL1 (mRNA exrepression): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↔Im post; ↑ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr Cathespin L (mRNA expression): 55% VO2peak fasted: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fasted: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr 55% VO2peak fed: ↔ Im post; ↔ 1 hr 70% VO2peak fed: ↑ Im post; ↑ 1 hr

hr: hour(s); Im: immediate; km: kilometers; min: minute(s); VO_2max: maximum oxygen consumption; VO_2peak: peak oxygen consumption.