Table 2.
A summary of studies investigating the autophagic response to acute resistance exercise in skeletal muscle
| Author | Subjects | Exercise protocol | Markers of autophagic activity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fry et al. (2013) | 16 younger (8 females, 8 males) and 16 older (8 females, 8 males) individuals | 8 sets of 10 repetitions of leg extension at 70% 1RM |
3 hr, 6 hr, and 24 hr postexercise
FOXO3a (phosphorylation): Younger: ↓ 3 hr; ↓ 6 hr; ↓24 hr Older: ↓ 3 hr; ↓ 6 hr; ↓24 hr AMPK (phosphorylation): Younger: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr Older: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr GABARAP (mRNA expression): Younger: ↓ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr Older: ↓ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr LC3B‐II (protein expression): Younger: ↔ 3 hr;↓ 6 hr; ↓24 hr Older: ↓ 3 hr; ↓ 6 hr; ↓24 hr |
LC3B‐I (protein expression): Younger: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr Older: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr LC3B‐II:I (protein ratio): Younger: ↓ 3 hr; ↓ 6 hr; ↓24 hr Older: ↓ 3 hr; ↓ 6 hr; ↓24 hr Atg7 (protein expression): Younger: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr Older: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↑ 24 hr beclin−1 (protein expression): Younger: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr Older: ↔ 3 hr;↔ 6 hr; ↔ 24 hr |
| Glynn et al. (2010) | 13 young healthy males | 10 sets of 10 repetitions of leg extension at 70% 1RM |
1 hr postexercise
AMPK (phosphorylation): ↑ LC3B‐II (protein expression): ↔ LC3B‐I (protein expression): ↔ |
|
| Smiles et al. (2015) | 15 (8 males, 7 females) resistance‐trained individuals | 6 sets of 8 repetitions at ≈80% 1RM; following 5 days of energy deficit |
1 hr, 4 hr postexercise
FOXO1 (protein expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr FOXO1 (phosphorylation): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr FOXO3a (protein expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr LC3B‐I (protein expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↓ 4 hr ULK1 (phosphorylation): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr Atg5 (protein expression): ↔ 1 hr (vs. EB); ↔ 4 hr cAtg12 (protein expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr beclin−1 (protein expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr p62 (protein expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr |
FOXO1 (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr LC3B (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr Atg12 (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr Atg4b (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr beclin−1 (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr GABARAP (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr BNIP (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr SIRT1 (mRNA expression): ↔ 1 hr; ↔ 4 hr |
| Ulbricht et al. (2015) | 11 moderately‐trained males | 3 sets of 8 ecc repetitions at 100% of max ecc force and 3 sets of 10 conc repetitions at 75% of max conc and ecc force |
15 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 4 hr, 24 hr postexercise
BAG3 (protein expression): 75% max conc and ecc: ↔ all time points 100% max ecc: ↓ 24 hr BAG3 (mRNA expression): 75% max conc and ecc: ↔ all time points 100% max ecc: ↓ 24 hr HSPB8 (protein expression): 75% max conc and ecc: ↔ all time points 100% max ecc: ↓ 24 hr HSBP8 (mRNA expression): 75% max conc and ecc: ↔ all time points 100% max ecc: ↑ 4 hr |
FLNC (protein expression): 75% max conc and ecc: ↔ all time points 100% max ecc: ↓ 1 hr LC3 colocalization with FLNC and BAG3 75% max conc and ecc: ↔ 24 hr 100% max ecc: ↑ 24 hr SYNPO2 localization BAG3 75% max conc and ecc: ↔ 24 hr 100% max ecc: ↑ 24 hr |
1RM: one repetition maximum; conc: concentric; ecc: eccentric; hr: hour.