Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analyses for the associations of piracetam treatment as well as epidemiological and comorbidity factors with changes of NIHSS score in ischemic stroke patients in Taiwan.
| Variables | Group A–NIHSS Improved (>4) n = 131 (%) |
Group B–NIHSS Not Improved (≤4) n = 1220 (%) |
Univariate Analysis OR (95% CI) |
p Value | Multivariate Analysis OR (95% CI) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <75 | 56 (42.7%) | 713 (58.4%) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.053 |
| ≥75 | 75 (57.3%) | 507 (41.6%) | 1.88 (1.31–2.71) | 1.52 (1.00–2.33) | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| male | 46 (35.1%) | 443 (35.5%) | 1.00 | 0.932 | 1.00 | 0.437 |
| female | 85 (64.9%) | 787 (64.5%) | 1.02 (0.70–1.48) | 0.82 (0.50–1.35) | ||
| BMI | ||||||
| underweight | 59 (46.5%) | 596 (49.7%) | 1.00 | 0.002 | 1.00 | 0.026 |
| normal weight | 14 (11.0%) | 42 (3.6%) | 3.37 (1.74–6.52) | <0.001 | 3.05 (1.47–6.30) | 0.003 |
| overweight | 45 (35.4%) | 443 (37.0%) | 1.03 (0.68–1.54) | 0.901 | 1.11 (0.72–1.70) | 0.644 |
| obese | 9 (7.1%) | 117 (9.8%) | 0.78 (0.38–1.61) | 0.498 | 0.93 (0.44–2.00) | 0.858 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| non-smoker | 70 (53.4%) | 761 (62.4%) | 1.00 | 0.083 | 1.00 | 0.017 |
| current smoker | 40 (30.5%) | 327 (26.8%) | 1.33 (0.88–2.00) | 0.172 | 1.81 (1.07–3.06) | 0.026 |
| ex-smoker | 21 (16.0%) | 132 (10.8%) | 1.73 (1.03–2.91) | 0.039 | 2.29 (1.22–4.28) | 0.009 |
| Piracetam | ||||||
| negative | 72 (55.0%) | 822 (67.4%) | 1.00 | 0.005 | 1.00 | 0.005 |
| positive | 59 (45.0%) | 398 (32.6%) | 1.69 (1.18–2.44) | 1.73 (1.18–2.55) | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| negative | 29 (22.1%) | 249 (20.4%) | 1.00 | 0.642 | 1.00 | 0.465 |
| positive | 102 (77.9%) | 971 (79.6%) | 0.90 (0.58–1.39) | 0.84 (0.52–1.35) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| negative | 76 (58.0%) | 625 (51.2%) | 1.00 | 0.141 | 1.00 | 0.468 |
| positive | 55 (42.0%) | 595 (48.8%) | 0.76 (0.53–1.10) | 0.86 (0.58–1.29) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||
| negative | 43 (32.8%) | 374 (30.7%) | 1.00 | 0.610 | 1.00 | 0634 |
| positive | 88 (67.2%) | 846 (69.3%) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 1.11 (0.37–1.69) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | ||||||
| negative | 82 (62.6%) | 1025 (84.0%) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| positive | 49 (37.4%) | 195 (16.0%) | 3.14 (2.14–4.62) | 3.92 (2.31–8.24) | ||
| TOAST | ||||||
| small-vessel occlusion | 21 (16.0%) | 411 (33.7%) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| large-artery atherosclerosis | 51 (38.9%) | 355 (29.1%) | 2.81 (1.66–4.77) | <0.001 | 2.68 (1.57–4.60) | <0.001 |
| cardioembolism | 34 (26.0%) | 159 (13.0%) | 4.19 (2.36–7.43) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.38–1.96) | 0.933 |
| others | 25 (19.1%) | 295 (24.2%) | 1.66 (0.91–3.02) | 0.098 | 1.06 (0.56–2.02) | 0.640 |
Statistical analysis: chi-square test and logistic regression model. Abbreviations: NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; BMI, body mass index; TOAST, Trial of Organization 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.