Risk of Bias	Author’s Judgment Low Risk Unclear High Risk	Support for Judgment
Selection bias		Only ICU patients involved; Selective patients
Bias in definition and measurement		RR > 22 breaths/min; sBP < 100; Altered mentation: GCS < 14
Outcome measurement bias
Handling of missing data		Not explicit
Confounding
Bias of statistics or presentation of result		Potential presentation error in Table 3; No selective reporting of results