Risk of Bias	Author’s Judgment Low Risk Unclear High Risk	Support for Judgment
Selection bias		Sepsis-3 criteria was used to recruit; high variability from hospital to hospital; ICU patients only
Bias in definition and measurement		qSOFA was not defined, particularly for altered mentation; unclear time point of qSOFA
Outcome measurement bias
Handling of missing data
Confounding		Retrospective, high male %, patient characteristics not included
Bias of statistics or presentation of result		Poor and selective presentation of data