Table 4.

Results of individual studies—nonrandomized controlled trials.

Serial #	Paper reference	Method of study design	Dataset size	Variables evaluated	Result
7	Hermens et al [54]	Single-case experimental study	8	Objectively measured activity behavior (activity level)	5 patients had increased PAa level
11	Rabbi et al [45]	Single case experiment with multiple baseline	16	Minutes of walking per day and calories burnt in nonwalking exercise per day	Intervention had significant effect for walking (P<.005) and exercise (P<.05)
16	Larsen et al [88]	Observational study	21	Change in minutes of MVPAb using a semistructured interview among adolescent girls after 12 weeks	Statistically significant increase in weekly minutes of MVPA (P<.001). Also reported activity types had larger variation than baseline
24	Coolbaugh et al [81]	Feasibility study	2	12 weeks of personalized intervention	Feasibility could not be ascertained
33	Ammann et al [79]	Observational study	803	Weekly total PA minutes across young, middle age, and old age groups	Significant increase in MVPA from baseline for older adults (P<.5). All age groups increased weekly PA significantly (P<.05) and walking minutes (P<.01) over time in intention-to-treat analysis
44	Hales et al [74]	Pilot study and iterative usability study	9	Calories spent during intentional activity for users as compared with baseline	Calories expended increased from baseline but not statistically significant (P=.57)
46	Spark et al [82]	Single group, pre- and post-test study	29	Duration of MVPA for participants in initial intervention (6 months), followed by extended contact information (6-12 months) and no contact follow up (12-18 months)	Significant improvement in minutes/day MVPA to 6 months from baseline (P=.006) and to 18 months from baseline (P=.003)

^aPA: physical activity.

^bMVPA: moderately vigorous physical activity.