Table 2.
Reported Risk Factors for AKI in patients undergoing THA [18,19,20,22,23,24,26,27,29,30,31,32,33,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62].
| Study | Risk Factors for AKI |
|---|---|
| Jafari et al. [46] | Elevated BMI, elevated baseline creatinine, history of COPD, liver disease, CHF, hypertension, underlying heart disease |
| Weingarten et al. [47] | Elevated BMI, DM, the number of baseline antihypertensive medications, cerebral or peripheral vascular disease, the use of general anesthesia, perioperative blood transfusion |
| Ulucay et al. [18] | Lower baseline eGFR |
| Choi et al. [1,19] | Transplantation, increased weight |
| Li et al. [22] | Transplantation, increased weight |
| Challagundla et al. [20] | Male, ACEI/ARB |
| Nielson et al. [48] | Preoperative ACEI/ARB, BMI, CAD, intra-operative hypotension |
| Kimmel et al. [23] | Older age, increased BMI, lower baseline eGFR, NSAID use, ACEI/ARB use, blood transfusion |
| Ward et al. [49] | Increased BMI |
| Marty et al. [50] | Postoperative resistive index |
| Courtney et al. [51] | Dual antibiotics prophylaxis (cefazolin + vancomycin vs. cefazolin), ASA classification, preoperative kidney disease |
| Opperer et al. [52] | Perioperative fluid resuscitation with 6% HES or 5% albumin |
| Aeng et al. [53] | Gentamicin in premanufactured bone cement, intraoperative blood transfusion, postoperative NSAID use |
| Warth et al. [24] | Older age, elevated BMI, DM, smoking |
| Tan et al. [54] | CKD |
| Nadkarni et al. [55] | Older age, male sex, black race, CKD, CHF, chronic liver disease, hypertension, DM, atrial fibrillation, HCV infection, postoperative sepsis, acute MI, blood transfusion, urban hospital, small hospital size |
| Meller et al. [56] | Morbid obesity |
| Choi et al. [2,26] | Postoperative anemia, older age, male sex, BMI <22 or ≥25, DM, beta-blocker, ARB use |
| Ferguson et al. [29] | Older age, the use of ≥1 L of postoperative fluid |
| Johansson et al. [27] | Gentamicin, female sex |
| Geller et al. [57] | Higher BMI, lower baseline hemoglobin, history of comorbid condition (DM, CKD, CVD, hypertension) |
| Jiang et al. [30] | Perioperative ACEI/ARB use, vancomycin use, increased BMI |
| Zainudheen et al. [58] | Use of renin-angiotensin antagonists |
| Jamsa et al. [59] | Lower preoperative eGFR, ASA classification, BMI, duration of operation |
| Ghareibeh et al. [31] | Entire cohort: older age, male, CKD, heart failure, diabetes, hypertension Nested case control: elevated BMI, heart failure, DM, hypertension, lower GFR, transfusion |
| Yadav et al. [60] | Older age, surgery for periprosthetic joint infection, CKD, total number of surgeries |
| Weinstein et al. [32] | Lower baseline GFR, lower baseline hemoglobin, previous NSAID use |
| Tucker et al. [33] | Gentamicin use |
| Klement et al. [61] | Co-occurrence of a mental illness and a substance abuse disorder |
| Abar et al. [62] | Elevated preoperative creatinine, larger postoperative drop in hemoglobin, and higher ASA classification |
| Hassan et al. [37] | Older age, hypertension, general anesthesia, high ASA score, low baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hip fracture |
| Dubrovskaya et al. [34] | Hospital stay >1 day prior to surgery, knee or hip surgery, DM |
| Bailey et al. [38] | Prophylactic use of flucloxacillin and gentamicin versus cefuroxime alone |
Abbreviations: ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers; AKI, acute kidney injury; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; THA, total hip arthroplasties.