Table 2.
Sample characteristics.
| Variable | Definition | All | Area of Residence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | Urban | |||
| Health_self | Self-rated: good = 1, bad = 0 | 0.686 (0.464) | 0.649 (0.477) | 0.743 (0.437) |
| Degree of psychological distress | Score of psychological distress | 10.500 (4.591) | 11.037 (4.666) | 9.667 (4.344) |
| Chronic | Number of chronic diseases | 1.639 (1.471) | 1.580 (1.427) | 1.730 (1.532) |
| Social Engagement | Participate = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.490 (0.500) | 0.453 (0.498) | 0.548 (0.498) |
| Age | Age | 68.439 (7.135) | 68.360 (7.037) | 68.562 (7.283) |
| Gender | Male = 2, female = 0 | 0.501 (0.500) | 0.506 (0.500) | 0.494 (0.500) |
| Spouse | Married, cohabitating = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.785 (0.411) | 0.781 (0.413) | 0.792 (0.406) |
| Illiterate | Below primary school = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.559 (0.497) | 0.645 (0.479) | 0.424 (0.494) |
| Elementary | Private education or elementary education = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.241 (0.428) | 0.237 (0.425) | 0.248 (0.432) |
| Secondary | Secondary school or above = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.200 (0.400) | 0.118 (0.323) | 0.328 (0.469) |
| Smoking | Yes = 1, No = 0 | 0.369 (0.482) | 0.385 (0.487) | 0.343 (0.475) |
| Income | Annual household income(10,000 Yuan) | 2.058 (4.237) | 1.303 (2.841) | 3.230 (5.569) |
| Per-income | Village disposable income per capita (10,000 Yuan) | 0.494 (0.587) | 0.372 (0.434) | 0.683 (0.724) |
| Total-pop | Village permanent population (10,000) | 0.326 (0.345) | 0.190 (0.152) | 0.535 (0.442) |
| Price-apart | Village average prices of new houses (Yuan/m2) | 0.268 (0.767) | 0.190 (0.825) | 0.389 (0.651) |
| Urban | Urban areas (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.392 (0.488) | -- | 1.000 (0.000) |
| East | Live in eastern area = 1, other = 0 | 0.299 (0.458) | 0.286 (0.452) | 0.321 (0.467) |
| Middle | Live in middle area = 1, other = 0 | 0.285 (0.452) | 0.296 (0.456) | 0.269 (0.444) |
| West | Live in western area = 1, other = 0 | 0.368 (0.482) | 0.382 (0.486) | 0.347 (0.476) |
| North_east | Live in north-east area = 1, other = 0 | 0.048 (0.211) | 0.036 (0.191) | 0.063 (0.243) |
| Acti_card | Chess and card room/elderly activity left = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.456 (0.498) | 0.289 (0.454) | 0.714 (0.452) |
| Bus_line | Number of bus lines to village/community | 2.221 (4.047) | 1.210 (3.088) | 3.790 (4.790) |
Standard deviations are in parentheses.