Table 5.
Estimates of the effect of social engagement on the health of the elderly.
| Variable | Self-rated Health | Degree of Psychological Distress | Number of Chronic Diseases |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social Engagement_num | 0.0696 ** (0.0057) | −0.3776 ** (0.0476) | −0.0004 (0.0171) |
| Age | −0.0518 ** (0.0190) | 0.6411 ** (0.1620) | 0.1301 * (0.0551) |
| Agesqr | 0.0004 ** (0.0001) | -0.0051 ** (0.0012) | −0.0008 * (0.0004) |
| Gender | 0.0595 ** (0.0146) | −1.5308 ** (0.1365) | −0.1324 ** (0.0456) |
| Spouse | 0.0644 * (0.222) | −1.1533 ** (0.2041) | 0.1272 * (0.0661) |
| Elementary | −0.0169 (0.0180) | 0.1615 (0.1694) | 0.0251 (0.0540) |
| Secondary | −0.0725 † (0.0415) | 0.8167 * (0.3692) | −0.1158 (0.1191) |
| Smoking | 0.0045 (0.0140) | 0.5240 ** (0.1293) | −0.1285 ** (0.0438) |
| Income | −0.0020 (0.0021) | 0.0271 (0.0178) | −0.0087 (0.0055) |
| Per-income | −0.0172 (0.0134) | 0.2102 † (0.1132) | 0.0017 (0.0388) |
| Total-pop | −0.0454 * (0.0179) | 0.1749 (0.1617) | −0.0271 (0.0569) |
| Price-apart | 0.0025 (0.0065) | −0.1618 ** (0.0463) | 0.0303 † (0.0181) |
| East | 0.0703 ** (0.0120) | −1.0910 ** (0.1193) | −0.3853 ** (0.0387) |
| Middle | −0.0002 (0.0153) | −0.1416 (0.1438) | −0.1934 ** (0.0462) |
| North_east | −0.0081 (0.0259) | −0.6981 ** (0.2423) | −0.0598 (0.0879) |
| Urban_nbs | 0.0475 ** (0.0135) | −0.6282 ** (0.1277) | 0.0779 † (0.0426) |
| Residual | 0.7144 ** (0.2437) | −8.9856 ** (2.1369) | 1.2255 † (0.6962) |
| Constant | -- | −2.6456 (4.6718) | −3.8861 * (1.6040) |
| Wald chi2 | 441.72 ** | -- | -- |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0449 | -- | -- |
| F-value | -- | 47.70 ** | 13.44 ** |
| R2 | -- | 0.0748 | 0.0234 |
All models are marginal effects with robust standard errors in parentheses. The first-stage result of 2SRI is not given. † p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.