Table 1.

Impact of food content and the prevalence of kidney stone diseases (KSD) in some different zones.

Food Content	Impact on Stone Formation	Studied Zone	Reference
Dietary oxalate	Intestinal hyperabsorption of oxalate increased urinary oxalate excretion	Western part of India	Pendse et al., 1986 [36]
		Germany	Hesse et al., 1993 [2]; Siener et al., 2003 [37]
		North Carolina, USA	Holmes et al., 2001 [38]
		Italy	Meschi et al., 2004 [31]
		Boston	Taylor and Curhan, 2007 [39]
		Eastern India	Mikawlrawng et al., 2014 [21]
Dietary ascorbic acid	Increases urinary oxalate excretion	New York	Urivetzky et al., 1992 [40]
		Italy	Trinchieri et al., 1998 [41]
		Washington	Massey et al., 2005 [42]
		Sweden	Thomas et al., 2013 [32]
		Boston	Ferraro et al., 2016 [43]
High dietary calcium	Reduces calcium oxalate stone formation	France	Bataille et al., 1983 [44]
		Boston	Curhan et al., 1993 [35]
		Germany	Siener et al., 2003 [37]
High intake of carbonated beverage	Increases urinary oxalate	Boston	Curhan et al., 1997 [45]
		Women of Omaha	Heaneyand Rafferty, 2001 [46]
		Netherland	Asselman and Verkoelen, 2008 [47]
		Boston	Taylor et al., 2009 [15]
		North Carolina	Saldana et al., 2007 [48]
Protein rich diet	Increases acid load in the kidney increases risk of stone formation	Boston	Curhan et al., 1997 [45]
		Chicago, USA	Reddy et al., 2002 [49]
	Reduce the bone’s ability to absorb calcium	Switzerland	Nguyen et al., 2001 [50]
	Increases urinary calcium	Italy	Borghi et al., 2002 [14]
High intake of sodium	Increases urinary calcium	Northern India	Awasthi and Malhotra, 2013 [51]
		Post-menopausal women of Korea	Park et al., 2014 [52]
		Southern India	Sofia et al., 2016 [19]