Table 4.
Polyphenol analysis in different matrices, based on liquid chromatography, and varied approaches to determine them.
| Matrix | Analytes Identified | Extraction Method | Measurement Method, Chromatographic Column | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berries | Anthocyanins (68.6%), hydroxycinnamic acids (23.9%), flavonols (4.4%) | H2O, membrane ultrafiltration | Preparative LC: 250 × 20 mm Eurospher 100–5 C18 Identification: was HPLC/DAD/ESI±-MSn, 150 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm. λ 280, 325, 360 and 520 nm | [98] |
| Costa Rican guava | Ellagic acid, myricetin, quercitrin, and quercetin | MeOH/H2O (70 mL/100 mL). Freeze-dryed pulp, mechanical dispersion | LC-TOF-ESI± (m/z range 100–1000), Synergi Hydro RP 80A 250 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm. | [110] |
| Brazilian guava, jambolan, nance, and lúcuma | Hydrolyzable and condensed tannins, flavonols, and flavanols | Acetone/H2O/HCOOH (70:29:1). Freeze-dryed pulp, accelerated solvent extraction | HPLC-DAD-ESI−-MSn, Aqua RP18 150 × 2.0 mm, 3 μm. | [113] |
| Perilla frutescents (L.) Britton | Rosmarinic acid (12.7–85.3%), scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide (6.5–45.1%), caffeic acid, apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide, and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide | Ethanol (EtOH)/H2O (75 mL/100 mL). Accelerate solvent extraction (N2 1200 psi 70 °C) | UPLC-PDA-ESI−-TOF-MS, Kintex XB C18 column 150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm | [114] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | e.g., caffeic acid hexosides, homovanillic acid hexoside, and dicaffeoylquinic acid (increasing trend) | Methanol (MeOH)/H2O (80 mL/100 mL) | HPLC-DAD-ESI−-MS/MS, Zorbax 300SB-C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm; 5 μm) | [115] |
| Rubus fruticosus L., Prunus spinos L. and Cornus mas L. | Gallic acid (138.0–443.5 mg kg−1 fresh weight), rutin (13.9–22.8 mg kg−1 fresh weight) | HCOOH/MeOH/H2O (0.1/70/29.9) | LC-FLD λex 280, 320, 322 nm λem 360 nm. Eclipse XDB C18 150 × 4.6 mm | [116] |
| Green, herbal and fruit teas | Gallic acid, caffeic acid (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, (–)-epigallocatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2 contribute to 43.6–99.9% | 95 °C for 10 min | LC-PDA/FLD scan 260–400 nm absorbance matching Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm | [117] |
| Dried and candied fruit | Vanillic, ellagic, gallic, p-coumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, rosmarinic acids, and myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin | MeOH/H2O (62.5 mL/100 mL). Sonication | HPLC-DAD at 260, 280, 329, and 520 nm. Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column 150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm | [118] |
| Pink guava | Ellagitannins, flavones, flavonols, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, dihydrochalcones, and anthocyanidins, and non-flavonoids such as phenolic acid derivatives, stilbenes, acetophenones, and benzophenones | Freeze dried pulp, MeOH/H2O (90:10), sonication | UHPLC-DAD-ESI+-MS/MS, BHE Shield RP18 150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm. | [119] |
| Blackberry juice | Microfiltrate (tubular ceramic membrane) | HPLC-DAD-ESI+-IT-MS/MS Lichrosrb ODS-2 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm | [120] |