Table 14.
Different methods and stationary phases to assess carbohydrates in food matrixes.
| Matrix | Sample Pretreatment, Extraction | Mobile Phase Composition | Measurement Method, Chromatographic Column | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amine-Based Columns | ||||
| Molasses | 1. SPE Sep-Pak C18 2. Microporous resin discoloration (Seplite LX), 30 °C |
ACN:H2O (75:25) | RID, IS: maltose 1. Zorbax Carbohydrate 2. UltimateTM XB-NH2; both 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm |
[307] |
| Tomato | Filtration, ACN/H2O (45:55), SPE Chromabond NH2 | ACN:H2O (80:20) | Nucleodur 100-5 NH2 125 × 4 mm, RID, IS: lactose | [306] |
| Amide-Based Columns | ||||
| Confectionery, chocolate products, snacks | Defat (when applicable), H2O 80 °C (+EtOH for chocolate products) | gradient ACN/H2O + 0.05 mL/100 mL ethanol- and triethyl- amine | UPLC-ELSD, Acquity BEH Amide (50, 100, 150) × 2.1, 1.7 µm, 85 °C | [308] |
| Apple Juice | Filtration | H2O | RID, Sugar PakTM 300 × 6.5 mm, 10 µm, 80 °C | [309] |
| Ligand-Based Columns | ||||
| Tubers | 1. H2O 92 °C 2. Reflux MeOH/H2O (50:50) 3. Activated Charcoal/MeOH 4. 2x·MeOH/H20 50:50 SPE Bond-Elut C18 |
10 mmol L−1 H2SO4 | RID, UHPLC Aminex HPX 87H 300 × 7.8 mm, 9 µm, 18 °C | [310] |
| Foods | Liquids: H2O/EtOH (50:50) Solids: H2O 65 °C, sonication, +EtOH Fat-/Protein-rich: H2O/EtOH (20:80), sonication |
1. H2O 2. ACN:H2O (9:1) |
1. HPLC-RID Ultron PS-80P 300 × 6.5 mm, 10 µm, 50 °C 2. LC-MS-ESI± Unison UK-Amino 150 × 2.0 mm, 3 µm |
[311] |
| Derivatization-Based Approaches | ||||
| Fruit tree buds | MeOH extraction, benzyl alcohol/NaOH 8 mol L−1, SPE C18 | Gradient ACN/H2O | PDA λ 228 and 248 nm, Shim-pack C18 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm | [312] |
| Foods | 2,3-naphtalenediamine, iodine, HAOc | NH4O2CH3 50 mmol L−1 pH 5.0 in ACN/MeOH (70:30) | RID (sucrose/fructose)/UV λ 310, FLD λex 320 λem 360 nm, C18 250 × 4.6 mm | [313] |
| Normal Phase | ||||
| Glycine max (L.) Merr | H2O 55 °C, ACN | H2O/ACN + Acetone (75:25) | ELSD, PrevailTM Carbohydrate ES 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm | [314] |
| Complex Carbohydrates (e.g., Inulin and Fructans) | ||||
| Plants and feed materials | H2O | H2O or H2SO4 0.01 mol L−1 | 1. Knauer Eurokat Pb 2. Nucleosil CHO 620 3. Nucleosil CHO 682 (Pb) 4. Biorad Aminex HPX-87C. All columns 300 × 7.8 mm, RID |
[315] |
| Wheat | HCl 60 mmol L−1 70 °C, quenching Na2CO3 | 90 mmol L−1 NaOH | Carbopac-PA-100 250 × 4.0 mm, PAD | [316] |
| Fungus sucrose fermentation | Filtration | ACN/0.04 g/100 mL NH4OH (70:30) | RID, Knauer Eurospher 100-5 NH2 Vertex 25 × 4.6 mm | [317] |
| Starch from feeds | heat stable amylase and amyloglucosidase | ACN/H2O (80:20) | RID, Zorbax Carbohydrate 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm | [318] |
| Wine | Diluted 1:9 with EtOH 70 mL/100 mL and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone derivatization | ACN/0.1 mol L−1 g/100 mL NH4C2H3O2 (70:30) | UV λ 245 nm, Eclipse XDB-C18 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm | [319] |
| Bacterial Exopolysaccharide | Microplate polysaccharide hydrolysis 4 mol L−1 CF3COOH, 90 min at 121 °C. Derivatization 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone | 5 mmol L−1 NH4C2H3O2 pH 5.6/ACN gradient | Gravity C18, 100 × 2 mm, 1.8 µm, HPLC-UV-Ion trap/ESI+-MS | [320] |