Table 4.
Comparison of ATPE, ATPF and other methods of extraction.
| Method of Extraction | Advantage | Limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Ion-exchange chromatography [6] | The separation of highly cationic or anionic peptides. | Requires complementary steps for the separation and low selectivity. |
| Affinity chromatography [34] | The separation of different types of peptides. | physicochemical properties of the ligands yet to be discovered. |
| Size exclusion chromatography [35] | Mild elution conditions, with minimal impact on the conformational structure. | High column requires separation of mixed peptides. |
| Hydrophilic interaction liquidChromatography [36] | The method shows great potential for the separation of short peptide sequences (5 amino acids). | Limited flexibility and applicability, poorly understood problems with sample solubility and the retention mechanisms. |
| Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography [37] | Increased throughput, resolution, and sensitivity in separation of complex protein mixtures. | Ultra-high pressures increase chromatographic band broadening and compromise efficiency of the column. |
| Ultrafiltration | Short time, high throughput, and high recovery. | Difficult to control experimental conditions in the membrane. |
| ATPE [9,38] | Rapid, simple, and inexpensive, low in toxicity and biocompatibility separation process. | Large amounts of polymers and salts and easy to emulsify. |
| ATPF | Increased throughput in separation of complex protein mixtures. Enhanced selectivity, scale-up, process integration, continuous operation, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. | Large amounts of polymers and salts |