Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by gender.
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 6906) | Women (n = 7182) | p-Value 1 | |||
| Age in years (65–99) | 72.3 | ±5.63 | 73.1 | ±6.10 | <0.001 |
| # of illnesses (0–19) | 1.58 | ±1.36 | 1.71 | ±1.46 | <0.001 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (5+) | 2458 | 35.6 | 3098 | 43.1 | <0.001 |
| Subjective cognitive complaint (0–3) | 0.70 | ±0.93 | 0.78 | ±0.92 | <0.001 |
| Smoker (Yes) | 1596 | (23.1) | 180 | (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (Yes) | 3936 | (57.0) | 881 | (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Sedentary (<30 min walk a day) | 2203 | (31.9) | 2289 | (31.9) | n.s. |
| Married (Yes) | 6104 | (88.4) | 4002 | (55.7) | <0.001 |
| Education (<10 years) | 3802 | (55.6) | 4502 | (63.5) | <0.001 |
| Living alone (%) | 287 | (4.2) | 1098 | (15.3) | <0.001 |
| Engagement in community activities 2 (0–8) | 1.50 | ±1.43 | 1.36 | ±1.32 | <0.001 |
| Incident dementia | 1008 | 14.6 | 1343 | 18.7 | <0.001 |
1p-values are for gender differences. p-values were calculated by chi-squared test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. n.s. not significant. 2 Engagement in community activities was the sum of the number of community groups, such as sports, hobby, or local associations that the individuals participated in.