Table 1.
Summary of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) included in systematic review (n = 15).
| Study | Fibre type | Dose | Study Overview | Appetite Hormone (Mean (SD)) (pmol·min/L) | Gastric Emptying Rate (min) | Energy Intake (kcal) | Perceived Satiety (Mean (SD)) (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arshad et al., 2016 [35] | Alginate | 5 g | Subjects: 30 (F: 18–30 y) Study design: randomised, single blinded Washout: 1-week Energy intake interval: 120 min Satiety: 170 min Food matrix: liquid (milk served chilled and iso-volumetric (250 mL) Control: milk (250 mL) without fibre |
Data not available | Data not available | 611.76 (35.01) (p < 0.001) Effect size = −0.81 |
76.36 (1.82) (p < 0.05) Effect size = −0.90 |
| Guar gum | 5 g | Data not available | Data not available | 551.71 (23.52) (p < 0.001) Effect size = −3.55 |
61.81 (1.82) (p < 0.05) Effect size = −3.93 |
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| Wanders et al., 2013 [36] | Alginate (MW: 60–1000 kDA) |
(i) 6 g (ii) 9 g |
Study 1 (energy intake): Subjects: 121 (45M/76F: 18–50 y) Study design: randomised, single blinded Washout: 2-day Energy intake interval: 105 min Food matrix: solid (400 g chocolate cookies with 500 mL of water) Control: chocolate cookies without fibre Study 2 (gastric emptying): Subjects: 10 (4F/ 6M: 18–50 y) Study design: randomised, single blinded Washout: 7-day Gastric emptying rate: every 15 min and up to 240 min Food matrix: solid (400 g chocolate cookies with 500 mL of water) Control: chocolate cookies without fibre |
Data not available | Study 2: AUC, 13C breath used (i) 2126 (p < 0.05) (ii) 2145 (p < 0.01) No SD available to calculate effect size |
Study 1: (i) 943.44 (406.04) (p = 0.77) Effect size = −0.04 (ii) 702.68 (429.92) (p < 0.001) Effect size = −0.52 |
Data not available |
| Guar gum (MW: 17–710 kDA) |
(i) 5.6 g (ii) 6.9 g |
Data not available | Study 2: AUC, 13C breath used (i) 1918 (p > 0.05) (ii) 1864 (p > 0.05) No SD available to calculate effect size |
Study 1: (i) 931.50 (501.58) (p = 0.63) Effect size = −0.07 (ii) 979.27 (525.46) (p = 0.66) Effect size = 0.06 |
Data not available | ||
| Rao et al., 2015 [37] | Partially hydrolsed guar gum (PHGG) | Study 1: 2 g PHGG |
Study 1 (breakfast, liquid yogurt): Subjects: 24 (12M/ 12F) Study design: randomised, double blinded Washout: 2-weeks Energy intake interval: 180 min Satiety: 240 min Food matrix: liquid (yogurt, 125 g) Control: Energy Intake: yogurt with dextrin Satiety: yogurt without fibre Study 2 (lunch, solid rice): Subjects: 6 (4M/ 2F) Study design: randomised, single blinded Washout: 2-days Satiety: 300 min Food matrix: solid (cooked rice) Control: cooked rice without fibre addition |
Data not available | Data not available | Study 1: 731.60 (162.76) (p = 0.17) Effect size = −0.41 |
Study 1 (breakfast, 2 g): 14.9 (15.19) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.46 |
| Study 2: 6 g PHGG |
Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Study 2 (lunch, 6 g): 22.8 (10.78) (p > 0.05) Effect size = 1.29 |
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| Aoe et al., 2014 [38] | β-Glucan | 2.9 g | Subjects: 21 (F: 30–49 y) Study design: randomised, not-blinded Washout: 7-days Energy intake interval: 240 min Food matrix: solid (cooked white rice) Control: cooked white rice without fibre |
Data not available | Data not available | 783.94 (147.47) (p = 0.28) Effect size = −0.34 |
Data not available to calculate effect size |
| Lumagaet al., 2012 [39] | β-Glucan (viscosity = 55 mPas) | 3 g | Subjects: 14 (8M/ 4F:24–39 y) Study design: randomised, single blind Washout: 7-day Measurement of gut hormones: 180 min Energy intake interval: 180 min Satiety: 180 min Food matrix: liquid (250 mL beverages with isocaloric breakfast) Control: beverages without fibre |
AUC: (pg·min/mL) (i) GLP-1: 1312.5 (467.71) (p > 0.05) Effect size = 0.18 PYY: 13125 (2806.24) (p > 0.05) Effect size = 0.13 GIP: 7000 (9354.14) (p > 0.05) Effect size = −0.11 |
Data not available | 767.5 (246.2) (p = 0.13) Effect size = −0.59 |
AUC (mm·min) 5400 (748.33) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 1.65 |
| Pectin (viscosity = 90 mPas) |
2.5 g | AUC: (pg·min/mL) (ii) GLP-1: 1125(62.5) (p > 0.05) Effect size = −0.18 PYY: 135,00 (5612.99) (p > 0.05) Effect size = 0.17 GIP: 6000 (3741.66) (p> 0.05) Effect size = −0.28 |
Data not available | 871.2 (296.71) (p = 0.59) Effect size = −0.20 |
AUC (mm·min) 6000 (1122.5) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 1.94 |
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| Wanders et al., 2014 [40] | Pectin (different fibre forms) |
10 g (i) bulking (25 kDa) |
Subjects: 29 M (18–30 y) Study design: randomised, single blinded Washout: 12-days Gastric emptying rate: 180 min Energy intake interval: 180 min Food matrix: dairy based liquid 150 mL Control: Different fibre formfor EI and GER: dairy based liquid without fibre Different supplementation methods: Gelled pectin in the form of capsule or liquid |
Data not available | 13C recovery (i) 74.0 (20.4) min (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.19 |
(i)1058.09 (341.55) (p = 0.44) Effect size = −0.21 (bulking) |
Data not available |
| 10 g (ii) viscous (80 kDa) |
Data not available | 13C recovery (ii) 75.5 (21.0) min (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.2 |
(ii) 1058.091 (272.28) (p = 0.38) Effect size = −0.23 (viscous) |
Data not available | |||
| 10g (iii) gelled (15 kDa) |
Data not available | 13C recovery (iii) 82.2 (17.8) min (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.65 |
(iii) 1024.65 (238.85) (p = 0.17) Effect size = −0.36 (gelled) |
Data not available | |||
| Different method supplementation (gelled pectin) | 10g (iv) capsule (15 kDa) |
Data not available | 13C recovery (iv) 64.1 (21.9) (p < 0.05) Effect size = −0.91 |
(iv) 955.38 (308.11) (p = 0.03) Effect size = −0.42 (capsule vs. liquid) |
Data not available | ||
| 10g (v) liquid (15 kDa) |
Data not available | 13C recovery (v) 98.3 (21.1) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.82 |
Data not available | ||||
| Martinelli et al., 2017 [41] | Polydextrose | 6 g | Subjects: 25 (19F/ 6M:18–50 y) Study design: randomised, single blinded Washout: 7-days Energy intake interval: 240 min Satiety: 30 to 240 min Food matrix: composite meal (100 g pudding with 200 mL semi-skimmed milk) Control: Pudding without fibre |
Data not available | Data not available | 1021.27 (356.60) (p = 0.53) Effect size = −0.18 |
iAUC (mm·min) 5166.67 (666.67) (p = 0.934) Effect size = −0.27 |
| Astbury et al., 2013 [42] | Polydextrose | (i) 6.3 g | Subjects: 21 (12M/ 9F) Study design: randomised, single blinded Washout: 1-week Energy intake interval: 90 min Food matrix: liquid (chocolate-flavoured liquid, 400 mL) Control: chocolate-flavoured liquid, 400 mL without fibre |
Data not available | Data not available | (i) 1206.5 (420.58) (p = 0.22) Effect size = −0.38 |
Data not available |
| (ii) 12.5 g | Data not available | Data not available | (ii) 1128.59 (421.58) (p = 0.08) Effect size = −0.56 |
Data not available | |||
| (iii) 25 g | Data not available | Data not available | (iii) 1042.54 (346.10) (p = 0.01) Effect size = −0.81 |
Data not available | |||
| Soong et al., 2016 [43] | Polydextrose | 12 g (i) low protein |
Subjects: 27 (M: 21–40 y) Study design: randomised, single blind Washout: 5-day GLP-1 hormone: 90 min Gastric emptying rate: 90 min Energy intake interval: 180 min Satiety: 75 min Food matrix: solid (soya bean curd) Control: soya bean curd without fibre |
GLP-1: (n=15) (i) 338.97 (484.63) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.18 |
(i) 0.26 (0.14) min (p = 0.05) Effect size = −0.47 |
(i) 790.71 (231.73) (p = 0.13) Effect size= −0.42 |
iAUC (mm·min) (i) 1892.44 (1570.33) (p > 0.05) Effect size = −0.05 |
| 12 g (ii) high protein |
GLP-1: (n=15) (ii) 625.59 (776.77) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.60 |
(ii) 0.18 (0.17) min (p < 0.05) Effect size = −0.72 |
(ii) 774.21 (242.86) (p = 0.08) Effect size=−0.48 |
iAUC (mm·min) (ii) 1809.11 (1402.49) (p > 0.05) Effect size = −0.11 |
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| Hull, et al., 2012 [44] | Polydextrose | (i) 6.25 g | Subjects: 34 (10M/ 24F) Study design: randomized, crossover, single blind Washout: 1-week Energy intake interval: 90 min Food matrix: liquid (drinking yogurt) Control: drinking yogurt with glucose syrup |
Data not available | Data not available | (i) 731.36 (228.56) (p = 0.61) Effect size = −0.14 |
Data not available to calculate effect size |
| (ii) 12.5 g | Data not available | Data not available | (ii) 711.52 (263.40) (p = 0.44) Effect size = −0.21 |
Data not available to calculate effect size | |||
| Juvonenet al., 2009 [45] | β-Glucan | (i) High viscosity (10 g) (>3000 mPas) | Subjects: 20 (16F/ 4M) Study design: randomized, single blinded Washout: > 2-days Measurement of gut hormones: 180 min Gastric emptying rate: 90 min Energy intake interval:180 min Food matrix: liquid (300mL isoenergy and isovolumetric beverage with 200mL water *Low viscosity acts as control |
GLP-1 (AUC): (pg·min/mL) (i) 74 (89.44) (ii) 189 (214.66) (p = 0.030) Effect size = −0.70 PYY (AUC): (i) 129 (720.01) (ii) 668 (822.87) (p = 0.038) Effect size = −0.70 CCK (AUC): n=17 (i) 250 (181.42) (ii) 449 (300.99) (p = 0.006) Effect size = −1.78 |
Paracetamol AUC (*n = 10) (i) 14670 (3443.55) (μmol·min/L) (ii) 16340 (5567.81) (μmol·min/L) (p = 0.051) Effect size = −0.36 |
Combined (preload + rest of the day) (i) 1733 (113.05) (ii) 2007.89 (154.16) (p = 0.026) Effect size = −2.03 |
Data not available |
| (ii) Low viscosity (10 g) (<250 mPas) *Differed only in viscosity |
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| Boll et al., 2015 [46] | (i) AXOS, 8.9 g | Subjects: 19 (9M/ 10F: 20–35 y) Study design: randomised, not blinded Washout: 1-week GLP-1: acute (180 min) Food matrix: solid (white wheat bread with 250–300 mL water) Control: white wheat bread without fibre |
GLP-1: (i) 1.01 (0.92) (p > 0.05) Effect size = 0.10 |
Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | |
| (ii) hiAXOS, 18.4 g | GLP-1: (ii) 1.04 (0.92) (p > 0.05) Effect size = 0.19 |
Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | |||
| Thazhath et al., 2014 [47] | Guar gum MW: 220 kDa |
9 g | Subjects: 12 (6M/ 6F) Study design: randomized, crossover, not blinded Washout: 5-day Gastric emptying rate: every 5 min for 1st hour and every 15 min for further 3 h (240 min) Food matrix: semisolid (mashed potato, 300 mL) Control: semisolid mashed potato 300 mL without fibre |
Data not available | 13C2 breath used 285 (93.53) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 1.02 |
Data not available | Data not available |
| Luhovyy et al., 2014 [48] | High-amylose maize | (i) 17.5 g | Subjects: 30M (18–30 y) Study design: randomized, crossover, single blinded Washout: 1-week Energy intake interval: 120 min Food matrix: solid (cookies) Control: cookies without fibre |
Data not available | Data not available | (i) 1163.9 (279.34) (p = 0.99) Effect size = 0.00 |
Data not available |
| (ii) 31.5 g | Data not available | Data not available | (ii) 1147.5 (310.56) (p = 0.83) effect size = −0.05 |
Data not available | |||
| Solah et al., 2014 [48] | PolyGlycopleX (PGX®) | (i) 2.5 g | Subjects: 10 (20–29 y) Study design: randomised, single blind Washout: 2 or 3 days Satiety: 120 min Food matrix: liquid (water, 2 × 250 mL) Control: inulin in 500 mL water |
Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | iAUC (mm·min) (i) 3501 (2070) (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.56 |
| (ii) 5 g | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | (ii) 2937 (1750) mm·min (p > 0.05) Effect size = 0.32 |
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| (iii) 7.5 g | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | (iii)3942 (2250) mm·min (p < 0.05) Effect size = 0.74 |
iAUC, incremental area under curve; AUC, area under curve; SD, standard deviation; EI, energy intake; GER, gastric emptying rate; CCK, cholescytokinin; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GIP, gastric inhibitory polypeptide; PYY, peptide YY.