. 2019 Jan 10;8(1):69. doi: 10.3390/jcm8010069

Table 1.

Frequently used medication in COPD and cardiovascular disease.

	Medication		Indication	Comment	References
COPD	steroids	inhaled	long-term therapy ^#	good safety profile	[57]
	steroids	systemic	exacerbation	pro-arrhythmic potential	[58]
	beta agonists	short acting	exacerbation long-term therapy	pro-arrhythmic potential (high doses)	[50,51,52,59]
	beta agonists	long acting	long-term therapy	acceptable safety profile	[50,51,52,59]
	muscarinic antagonists	short acting	exacerbation long-term therapy	pro-arrhythmic potential (high doses)	[50,52,60]
	muscarinic antagonists	long acting	long-term therapy	acceptable safety profile	[50,52,60]
	PDE inhibitors	Roflumilast	long-term therapy	reduction of cardiovascular events	[12]
	PDE inhibitors	Theophylline	(long-term therapy)	narrow therapeutic range and considerable pro-arrhythmic potential	[57,61]
Cardiovascular Disease	beta blockers	selective	heart failure, CHD, ACS, AHT, SVT, VT	often withheld or under dosed, prefer selective substances, overall good safety profile	[40,41]
	beta blockers	non-selective	heart failure, CHD, ACS, AHT, SVT, VT		[40,41]
	antiplatelet therapy		CHD, ACS	dyspnea caused by reversible P2Y₁₂-antagonists (Ticagrelor, Cangrelor)	[47]
	Ivabradine		CHD, heart failure	alternative to beta blockers for anti-anginal and frequency control (sinus rhythm only)	[42,62]
	statins		CHD, dyslipidemia	secondary prevention, pleiotropic effects of immune system and inflammation	[14,15]
	ACE inhibitors		AHT, heart failure	no bronchoconstriction	[45,46]
	angiotensin receptor blockers		AHT, heart failure	alternative (ACE inhibitor induced cough)	[45,46]
	calcium channel blockers		AHT, CHD, SVT	alternative to beta blockers for anti-anginal and frequency control, smooth muscle relaxation (small clinical effect)	[42]
	nitrates		CHD	alternative to beta blockers for anti-anginal control	[42]
	amiodarone		SVT, VT	pulmonary toxicity	[63]

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PDE: phosphodiesterase, ACS: acute coronary syndrome, AHT: arterial hypertension, SVT: supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, VT: ventricular supraventricular, CHD: coronary heart disease, ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme. ^# in selected patients with frequent exacerbations or blood eosinophilia (see text for details).