Table 6.
Pilot Study Experiment Outcomes. BES = Balance Evaluation System, FIM = Functional Independence Measure, nMWT = n Minutes Walking Test. S&E = Schwab and England Independence Scale. Results are presented as mean (standard deviation) unless stated otherwise. Outcomes are adimensional where no units are stated
| Author | Outcome | Baseline (Mean (SD)) | Post Intervention (Mean (SD)) | Main Results | Main conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summa et al. (2013) [44] | Not described | Not described | Not described | MWT and TUG improvement in 3/5 users Increase in movement acceleration |
Statistically significant improvement of patients. |
| Palacios-Navarro et al. (2015) [45] | 10MWT (s) | • 12 (6) | • 10 (5) | Improvement in 10MWT test, statistically significant (p = 0.002) | Scenario is feasible, but long term impact unknown. Adaption to home scenario proposed. |
| Summa et al. (2015) [46] | TUG (s) 10MWT (s) |
• 15 (12) • 12 (12) |
• 16 (15) • 12 (13) |
No significant changes on standard outcomes. Improvement in absolute average acceleration | Scenario appears safe to use, possible training-induced reduction of bradykinesia. |
| Goncalves et al. (2014) [47] | UPDRS Motor S&E Scale FIM |
• 28.5 (9.91) • 79.3 (9.61) • 114.3 (6.07) |
• 15.8 (7.49) • 90.0 (6.54) • 121.3 (2.65) |
Statistically significant differences for all outcomes (p < 0.001) Increase in stride length and gait speed |
WBB gait motor training is effective, even in a short time period. |
| Pompeu et al. (2015) [48] | Limit of Stability | • 118.5 (28.0) | • 163.7 (38.3) | Improvement in limit of stability, statistically significant (p < 0.05) | Kinect training is safe and promotes improvement in postural control. |
| Pompeu et al. (2014) [49] | 6MWT (m) PDQ-39 BES |
• 399.3 (72.4) • 27.8 (8.3) • 74.1 (12.7) |
• 429.5 (90.6) • 22.34 (1.9) • 88.9 (14.8) |
Effect sizes of 0.3 for 6MWT, 0.7 for PDQ-39 and 1.1 for BES. Positive outcome, but the sample size does not provide significant results |
Training with Kinect is safe and feasible. Cardiopulmonary endurance, balance, gait and quality of life improves |
| Negrini et al. (2017) [50] | BBS Tinetti balance scale Tinetti gait scale |
10 sessions: • 46.6 (5.8) • 11.9 (3.2) • 8.1 (2.9) 15 sessions: • 40.1 (7.6) • 12.2 (3.0) • 9.0 (1.8) |
10 sessions: • 51.3 (7.2) • 14.5 (3.2) • 10.4 (1.8) 15 sessions: • 46.3 (7.1) • 13.6 (3.1) • 10.1 (2.2) |
All results statistically significant within groups (p < 0.001). 10 sessions suffice to see results. No significantly different results with the 15 sessions group |
Wii Fit is cost-efficient and provides result, home scenario may be viable. |
| Nuic et al. (2018) [51] | UPDRS (Motor) GABS Scale FOG Questionnaire |
• 20.3 (7.8) • Not reported • 25.9 (5.4) |
• Not Reported • −38 points across all users • − 39 points across all users |
Statistically significant improvement in FOG and GABS (p < 0.02), differences in UPDRS scores not significant (p = 0.13). | Game is feasible, well accepted and shows potential for PD rehabilitation. |
| Cikajlo et al. (2018) [52] | UPDRS (Motor) Nine-Hole Test Box and Blocks Test |
• 29.54 (10.33) • 28.01 (6.59) • 47.27 (10.68) |
• 27.29 (10.38) • 26.48 (7.30) • 51.65 (11.26) |
Statistically significant (p < 0.003) improvement in UPDRS and Box and Blocks, nonsignificant in Nine-Hole Test (p = 0.089) | Telerehabilitation is possible with training and remote supervision, and achieving significant clinical outcomes is possible- |
| Pradhan (2018) [53] | Functional Reach Test (cm) 6MWT (m) Gait speed (m/s) |
• 25.65(5.92) • 502.11(36.54) • 7.1(0.6) |
• 33.71(2.84) • 560.53(23.83) • 6.97(0.90) |
Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) on functional reach test | Certain improvements observed |
| Alves et al. (2018) [54] | TUG (s) 10 MWT (s) 10 MWT (m) |
• 10.44(2.16)/11.68(5.22) • 7.03(1.52)/7.07(1.40) • 1.47(0.31)/1.44(0.21) (Wii / Xbox) |
• 9.77(1.5)/9.82 (3.41) • 6.89(1.05)/6.96(1.46) • 1.47(0.23)/1.48(0.27) (Wii / Xbox) |
Statistically significant improvement in Wii outcomes (p > 0.049), improvement in Kinect group non-significant, no improvement in control group. | Wii seems to perform better than Kinect, since only the first group shows statistically significant improvement. |