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. 2019 Jan 30;16:20. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1400-0

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 6 — Therapeutic stem cells after stroke migrate to peripheral organs, such as the spleen. a After stroke, the patient was treated by intravenous injection of stem cells. b, c Stem cells in circulation are stimulated by IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α after stroke, and their chemokine ligand levels are elevated, thus enhancing the capability of stem cells to recruit inflammatory cells [194, 195]. d Through migration and adhesion, stem cells migrate rapidly to PIOs, such as the spleen, to play a regulatory role