Table 1.

Various causes of myocarditis

Aetiology	Examples
Infectious	Viral: adenoviruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses (eg, coxsackieviruses), herpesviruses (human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6), hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus, parvovirus B19
	Bacterial: chlamydia, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Legionella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma, staphylococcus, streptococcus A, Streptococcus pneumonia, Tryponema Pallidum, Haemophilus influenzae
	Fungal: actinomyces, aspergillus, candida, cryptococcus
	Helminthic: Echinococcus granulosus, Trichinella spiralis
	Protozoal: Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi
	Rickettsial: Coxiella burnetti, Rickettsia typhi
	Spirochetal: Borrelia burgdorferi, leptospira, Treponema pallidum
Autoimmune diseases	Celiac disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Crohn disease, dermatomyositis, giant cell myocarditis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, Kawasaki disease, lupus erythematodes, lymphofollicular myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, ulcerative colitis
Hypersensitivity reactions	Penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, antiphlogistics, benzodiazepines, clozapine, loop and thiazide diuretics, methyldopa, smallpox vaccine, tetanus toxoid, tricyclic antidepressants
Toxic reactions to drugs	Amphetamines, anthracyclines, catecholamines, cocaine, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, phenytoin, trastuzumab
Toxic	Amitriptyline, Amphotericin B, Cannabis, Carbon monoxide, Cyclophosphamide, Electric shock, Ethanol, Hymenoptera, Isoniazid, Lead, Lidocaine, Methyldopa, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammation, Phenytoin, Snake or scorpion venom,
Others	Arsenic, copper, iron, radiotherapy, thyrotoxicosis