Table 4.
Unadjusted, age-adjusted and sex-adjusted, and multivariable adjusted multinomial logistic regression results
| Covariates | Relative risk ratio (95% CI) | |||||
| Pre-frailty vs robust | Frailty vs robust | |||||
| Unadjusted | Age and sex adjusted | Multivariable* | Unadjusted | Age and sex adjusted | Multivariable* | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.48 (1.00 to 2.18) | 1.45 (0.96 to 2.20) | 1.31 (0.80 to 2.15) | 1.43 (0.91 to 2.23) | 1.34 (0.77 to 2.35) | 0.96 (0.48 to 1.89) |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 60–64 | 0.32 (0.16 to 0.65) | 0.32 (0.16 to 0.66) | 0.33 (0.16 to 0.71) | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.41) | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.41) | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.43) |
| 65–69 | 0.57 (0.27 to 1.20) | 0.57 (0.27 to 1.21) | 0.59 (0.27 to 1.30) | 0.41 (0.11 to 1.45) | 0.41 (0.11 to 1.45) | 0.38 (0.09 to 1.50) |
| 70–74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 75–79 | 2.01 (0.87 to 4.64) | 1.99 (0.86 to 4.60) | 2.05 (0.86 to 4.87) | 3.98 (1.46 to 10.84) | 3.94 (1.44 to 10.75) | 4.07 (1.43 to 11.56) |
| ≥80 | 1.99 (0.69 to 5.74) | 1.96 (0.67 to 5.71) | 1.81 (0.55 to 5.94) | 8.20 (2.24 to 30.00) | 8.09 (2.20 to 29.75) | 7.42 (1.79 to 30.67) |
| Living arrangement | ||||||
| Children/other family | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| With spouse | 0.80 (0.37 to 1.73) | 0.87 (0.38 to 1.98) | 0.80 (0.39 to 1.64) | 0.58 (0.18 to 1.82) | 0.75 (0.20 to 2.78) | 0.75 (0.24 to 2.33) |
| Alone | 1.75 (0.74 to 4.13) | 1.58 (0.56 to 4.49) | 1.32 (0.42 to 4.11) | 0.91 (0.17 to 4.75) | 0.90 (0.18 to 4.54) | 0.72 (0.13 to 3.89) |
| Education level | ||||||
| Upper secondary/post-secondary non-tertiary/tertiary) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Lower secondary | 1.59 (1.02 to 2.47) | 1.57 (0.98 to 2.52) | 1.49 (0.78 to 2.83) | 2.28 (1.13 to 4.60) | 2.30 (1.09 to 4.88) | 1.38 (0.56 to 3.42) |
| No formal education/primary | 3.05 (1.71 to 5.42) | 2.63 (1.51 to 4.56) | 2.38 (1.19 to 4.79) | 6.15 (2.66 to 14.23) | 4.04 (1.67 to 9.77) | 2.12 (0.73 to 6.18) |
| Longest-held occupation | ||||||
| Skill level 3/4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Skill level 2 | 1.35 (0.83 to 2.18) | 1.48 (0.89 to 2.46) | 0.87 (0.42 to 1.76) | 2.20 (0.84 to 5.70) | 2.92 (1.12 to 7.62) | 1.69 (0.54 to 5.24) |
| Never employed/skill level 1 | 1.77 (1.04 to 3.02) | 1.77 (1.07 to 2.94) | 0.96 (0.46 to 2.00) | 4.88 (2.27 to 10.46) | 6.33 (2.84 to 14.13) | 3.43 (1.31 to 8.98) |
| Perceived financial strain | ||||||
| Living comfortably | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Just about getting by | 1.37 (0.80 to 2.36) | 1.54 (0.93 to 2.54) | 1.35 (0.83 to 2.21) | 1.55 (0.74 to 3.22) | 2.11 (0.85 to 5.23) | 1.61 (0.62 to 4.18) |
| Finding it difficult/very difficult | 2.07 (1.08 to 3.96) | 2.23 (1.16 to 4.28) | 1.70 (0.89 to 3.26) | 2.66 (1.24 to 5.73) | 3.53 (1.35 to 9.19) | 2.27 (0.77 to 6.67) |
The reference category is 1.00
Significant estimates are displayed in bold.
*Adjusted for sex, age group, living arrangement, education level, longest-held occupation and perceived financial strain.