Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Participants (n = 152) | |
|---|---|
| Male (n, %) | 111 (73) |
| Age (years) | 68.3 ± 12.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 6.2 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 110 ± 25 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 71 ± 16 |
| LVEDD (cm) | 5.7 ± 1.3 |
| LVESD (cm) | 4.7 ± 1.3 |
| LVEF (%) | 39.3 ± 14.6 |
| Reduced LVEF <40% (n, %) | 81 (53) |
| Mid‐range LVEF 40–49% (n, %) | 23 (15) |
| Preserved EF ≥50% (n, %) | 48 (32) |
| BNP (ng/L) | 224.5 [98–458] |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 56.4 ± 20.4 |
| NYHA class (n, %) | |
| I | 16 (10) |
| II | 85 (56) |
| III | 47 (31) |
| IV | 4 (3) |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy (n, %) | 54 (36) |
| Ischaemic heart disease (n, %) | 40 (26) |
| ICD/CRT (n, %) | 59 (39) |
| ACE‐I/ARB/ARNI (n, %) (HFrEF/HFpEF) | 72 (89)/32 (67) |
| Beta‐blocker (n, %) (HFrEF/HFpEF) | 68 (84)/36 (75) |
| MRA (n, %) (HFrEF/HFpEF) | 53 (65)/18 (38) |
| ACE‐I/ARB/ARNI + beta‐blocker + MRA (n, %) (HFrEF/HFpEF) | 42 (52)/10 (21) |
| Loop diuretics (n, %) (HFrEF/HFpEF) | 65 (80)/29 (60) |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 32 (21) |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 39 (26) |
| COPD (n, %) | 9 (6) |
| AF/AFl/AT (n, %) | 84 (55) |
| Co‐morbidities (hypertension, diabetes, atrial arrhythmia, COPD) (n, %) | |
| 0 co‐morbidity | 41 (27) |
| 1 co‐morbidity | 71 (47) |
| 2 co‐morbidities | 30 (20) |
| 3 co‐morbidities | 10 (6) |
| MLHFQ total score | 40.9 ± 25.6 |
| EQ‐5D‐3L health score index | 0.64 ± 0.27 |
| EQ‐5D‐3L VAS score index | 0.60 ± 0.19 |
| KCCQ overall summary score | 58.7 ± 24.9 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or as number (percentage).
ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; AFl: atrial flutter; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin II receptor blocker neprilysin inhibitor; AT, atrial tachycardia; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CRT, cardiac resynchronisation therapy; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EQ‐5D‐3L, EuroQoL 5D‐3L; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association.