Table 2.
Association of Respiratory Phenotypes with Variables Not Used in Clustering Algorithm*
| LW-LA (n = 117) | LW-HA (n = 81) | TW-LA (n = 75) | HW-LA (n = 101) | HW-HA (n = 68) | P Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables with trajectories | ||||||
| BMI (percentile) | ||||||
| Low | 30 (25.6) | 19 (23.5) | 18 (24.0) | 22 (21.8) | 13 (19.1) | 0.76 |
| Nonlinear rate increase | 37 (31.6) | 28 (34.6) | 29 (38.7) | 26 (25.7) | 25 (36.8) | |
| Linear rate increase | 27 (23.1) | 17 (21.0) | 15 (20.0) | 22 (21.8) | 15 (22.1) | |
| Nonlinear high rate increase | 23 (19.7) | 17 (21.0) | 13 (17.3) | 31 (30.7) | 15 (22.1) | |
| Blood eosinophil count | ||||||
| Low | 98 (83.8) | 44 (54.3) | 57 (76.0) | 83 (82.2) | 23 (33.8) | <0.01 |
| High | 19 (16.2) | 37 (45.7) | 18 (24.0) | 18 (17.8) | 45 (66.2) | |
| Total IgE level | ||||||
| Low | 63 (53.8) | 10 (12.3) | 29 (38.7) | 47 (46.5) | 3 (4.41) | <0.01 |
| Intermediate | 45 (38.5) | 42 (51.9) | 39 (52.0) | 46 (45.5) | 24 (35.3) | |
| High | 9 (7.69) | 29 (35.8) | 7 (9.33) | 8 (7.92) | 41 (60.3) | |
| Food-specific IgE | ||||||
| Low/minimal | 77 (65.8) | 28 (34.6) | 46 (61.3) | 58 (57.4) | 15 (22.1) | <0.01 |
| Decrease | 17 (14.5) | 11 (13.6) | 11 (14.7) | 13 (12.9) | 6 (8.82) | |
| Increase | 17 (14.5) | 21 (25.9) | 15 (20.0) | 21 (20.8) | 23 (33.8) | |
| High | 6 (5.13) | 21 (25.9) | 3 (4.00) | 9 (8.91) | 24 (35.3) | |
| | ||||||
| Variables without trajectories | ||||||
| Sex | 0.01 | |||||
| Female | 67 (57.3) | 39 (48.1) | 39 (52.0) | 50 (49.5) | 21 (30.9) | |
| Male | 50 (42.7) | 42 (51.9) | 36 (48.0) | 51 (50.5) | 47 (69.1) | |
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 87 (74.4) | 53 (65.4) | 57 (76.0) | 69 (68.3) | 52 (76.5) | 0.52 |
| Hispanic | 23 (19.7) | 21 (25.9) | 12 (16.0) | 19 (18.8) | 12 (17.6) | |
| Mixed/other | 7 (5.98) | 7 (8.64) | 6 (8.00) | 13 (12.9) | 4 (5.88) | |
| Gestational age, wk, mean | 39.1 (1.40) | 39.0 (1.50) | 38.8 (1.43) | 38.5 (1.48) | 38.7 (1.67) | 0.03 |
| Maternal depression (3 yr) ‡ | 3.00 (0.00–6.00) | 2.50 (0.00–6.00) | 6.00 (0.50–12.0) | 7.50 (2.00–14.0) | 3.00 (0.00–9.00) | <0.01 |
| Maternal perceived stress (3 yr) § | 3.67 (1.50–5.75) | 4.29 (2.06–6.31) | 5.00 (2.69–7.25) | 5.75 (3.50–7.75) | 4.12 (2.50–6.81) | <0.01 |
| Cotinine detected (yes first year) | 19 (17.9) | 10 (13.2) | 7 (10.0) | 28 (28.9) | 7 (11.1) | 0.01 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio (7 yr) | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.01 |
| FEV1% predicted (7 yr) | 102 ± 13.0 | 102 ± 14.8 | 104 ± 13.3 | 101 ± 14.9 | 95.8 ± 18.1 | 0.09 |
| Any eczema (first year) | 55 (47.8) | 50 (62.5) | 31 (41.9) | 53 (53.5) | 52 (77.6) | <0.01 |
| Sum of allergen exposures index (first year)|| | 3.9 ± 2.20 | 3.7 ± 2.17 | 3.8 ± 2.45 | 3.0 ± 2.33 | 3.2 ± 2.38 | 0.02 |
| Microbiota phylogenetic diversity (first year) | 181 (156–209) | 194 (160–219) | 210 (185–233) | 195 (164–221) | 159 (135–196) | 0.004 |
| Microbiota richness (first year) | 5,326 (4,402–6,246) | 5,556 (4,534–6,358) | 6,160 (5,446–7,026) | 5,642 (4,607–6,610) | 4,611 (3,848–5,990) | 0.005 |
| | ||||||
| Measures of asthma disease severity (age 7) | ||||||
| Bronchodilator reversibility ≥10% | 19 (25.3) | 27 (50.0) | 10 (23.8) | 26 (41.9) | 26 (56.5) | <0.01 |
| PC20 ≤ 4 mg/ml | 31 (34.8) | 27 (45.8) | 28 (49.1) | 34 (45.9) | 20 (41.7) | 0.44 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids in past year | 2 (1.7) | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (21.8) | 24 (35.3) | <0.01 |
| Oral corticosteroids in past year | 5 (4.3) | 4 (5.0) | 2 (2.7) | 14 (13.9) | 19 (27.9) | <0.01 |
| Hospitalization for wheeze in past year | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (5.9) | <0.01 |
| Asthma diagnosis per URECA criteria | 2 (1.7) | 12 (14.8) | 0 (0.0) | 68 (67.3) | 48 (70.6) | <0.01 |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; HA = high atopy; HW = high wheeze; LA = low atopy; LW = low wheeze; PC20 = provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1; TW = transient wheeze; URECA = Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma.
Values are counts (percentages), means ± SD, or medians (interquartile range). Because some data may be missing on the variables without a trajectory, the denominators may not be exactly the ones in the column headers.
Chi-square for categorical data, F test for continuous data.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score, range 0–30, higher scores denote higher risk for clinical depression with scores greater than or equal to 12 suggesting a need for further screening.
Perceived Stress Scale, range 4–16, higher scores denote higher perceived stress.
Sum of allergen exposures is calculated by combining cat, mouse, cockroach, and dog into a single index based on quartiles of exposure to individual allergens, resulting in a range of 0–12. House dust mite exposure levels were not used for the index given the low prevalences in this population.