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. 2016 May 23;2016(5):CD007126. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007126.pub3

Khalili 2013.

Methods Randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled, single dose, over 24 h
IV acetaminophen was administered before skin closure versus a control group that received normal saline as placebo; preemptive group receiving 15 mg/kg 0.5 h preoperatively, not reported here
Participants Type of surgery: orthopedic, lower extremity
Paracetamol group
Entered/completing: 25/25
Age (mean, SD): 36.8 +/‐ 14.8
Sex (male, %): 21 (84%)
Placebo group
Entered/completing: 25/25
Age (mean, SD): 37.8 +/‐ 12.9
Sex (male, %): 17 (68%)
Interventions Paracetamol: 15 mg/kg in 100 ml of IV normal saline prior to skin closure
Placebo (normal saline) 100 ml prior to skin closure
Outcomes Primary: pain intensity according to VRS
Secondary:
Timing, # participants requesting and dose of rescue medication (pethidine)
Adverse effects (sedation, hypotension, etc.)
Source of funding Not mentioned
Were treatment groups comparable at baseline? Yes: demographics; duration of surgery; site of surgery; postoperative VRS scores
Details of preoperative pain Patients with a history of opioid use in the past 48 h or chronic pain were excluded; baseline pain scores not significantly different
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Low risk Computerized (random number generator)
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Low risk Opaque envelopes
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk Participants and anesthesiologists were blinded by “creating treatments that looked identical”
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk No dropouts or protocol violations – complete data set obtained for both groups
Selective reporting (reporting bias) High risk Not all outcomes from Methods section reported in Results section (e.g., sedation scores, patient satisfaction)
Size High risk Fewer than 50 participants per arm of the study (25 paracetamol, 25 placebo)