Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects according to the presence of metabolic syndrome
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=6,928) | Yes (n=3,179) | P-value | Overall (N=10,107) | |
| Fatty liver index | 17.0 (16.4–17.6) | 47.1 (45.9–48.2) | <0.001 | 25.2 (24.5–25.8) |
| Age (years) | 41.5 (10.9–42.1) | 56.0 (55.2–56.8) | <0.001 | 45.4 (44.7–46.0) |
| Male, n (%) | 2,678 (44.4) | 1,189 (43.8) | 0.637 | 3,867 (44.2) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.029 | |||
| Non-smoker | 4,395 (59.6) | 1,988 (57.1) | 6,383 (58.9) | |
| Ex-smoker | 1,308 (18.6) | 679 (21.5) | 1,987 (19.3) | |
| Current smoker | 1,212 (21.8) | 505 (21.5) | 1,717 (21.7) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.6 (22.5–22.8) | 25.9 (25.7–26.1) | <0.001 | 23.5 (23.4–23.6) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.5 (77.1–77.8) | 88.5 (88.1–89.0) | <0.001 | 80.5 (80.1–80.8) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 113.4 (112.8–114.0) | 129.6 (128.8–130.5) | <0.001 | 117.8 (117.2–118.3) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.1 (73.7–74.5) | 28.4 (28.2–28.7) | <0.001 | 76.0 (75.6–76.3) |
| HbA1c (%)a | 5.6 (5.5–5.6) | 6.4 (6.3–6.5) | <0.001 | 5.8 (5.76–5.84) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 91.1 (90.7–91.6) | 108.7 (107.3–110.1) | <0.001 | 95.9 (95.3–96.4) |
| Insulin (µIU/mL)a | 9.9 (9.6–10.1) | 12.8 (12.3–13.4) | <0.001 | 10.7 (10.4–10.9) |
| HOMA-IRa | 2.25 (2.18–2.33) | 3.47 (3.30–3.64) | <0.001 | 2.58 (2.51–2.65) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.5 (182.4–184.6) | 197.9 (196.1–199.7) | <0.001 | 187.4 (186.4–188.4) |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 100.1 (98.2–102.0) | 194.1 (187.3–200.9) | <0.001 | 125.5 (123.0–128.0) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.6 (50.3–51.0) | 42.3 (41.9–42.7) | <0.001 | 48.4 (48.1–48.7) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 112.8 (111.8–113.7) | 120.2 (118.5–121.8) | <0.001 | 114.7 (113.9–115.6) |
| AST (IU/L) | 20.2 (20.0–20.5) | 24.5 (23.9–25.0) | <0.001 | 21.4 (21.1–21.7) |
| ALT (IU/L) | 18.8 (18.3–19.2) | 26.7 (25.7–27.6) | <0.001 | 20.9 (20.5–21.3) |
| GGT (IU/L) | 25.1 (24.2–26.0) | 40.7 (38.4–43.0) | <0.001 | 29.3 (28.4–30.3) |
Note:
a
HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR were tested only in patients with diabetes in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2010 and in all adults in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2011.
Abbreviations: GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.