Summary of findings 5. Complex multivitamin compared to control for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late life.

Complex multivitamin compared to control for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late life
Patient or population: cognitively healthy people in mid and late life Setting: community Intervention: complex multivitamins (combinations of B vitamins and antioxidant vitamins +/‐ minerals) Comparison: placebo
Outcomes	Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)		Relative effect (95% CI)	№ of participants (studies)	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
	Risk with control	Risk with Complex multivitamin
Overall cognitive functioning assessed with: TICS Scale from: 0 to 41 follow‐up: mean 2.5 years	The mean TICS score was 34.3	MD 0.04 higher (0.09 lower to 0.18 higher)	‐	5947 (1 RCT)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW 1 2	Follow‐up ranged from 0.18 to 5.3 years.
Overall cognitive functioning assessed with: TICS Scale from: 0 to 41 follow‐up: mean 8.5 years	The mean TICS score was 33.1	MD 0.12 higher (0.14 lower to 0.38 higher)	‐	2324 (1 RCT)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW 1 2	Follow‐up ranged from 0.3 to 14.2 years.
Incidence of MCI or all‐cause dementia ‐ not measured			‐	‐	‐
*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio; OR: Odds ratio;
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

¹ Downgraded for study limitations due to incomplete outcome data and wide range of follow‐up durations

² Downgraded for indirectness (study included only men)

^{TICS: Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status
 MCI: mild cognitive impairment}