Table 1:
Participant characteristics for n=190 children with asthma that were included in this study.
| LAPN (n=91) | HAPN (n=99) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Female sex, n (%) | 36 (40%) | 46 (46%) | 0.34 |
| Ethnicity/race, n (%) | |||
| Latino | 21 (23%) | 43(43%) | <0.01 |
| Black | 41 (45%) | 54 (55%) | 0.19 |
| White | 18 (20%) | 8 (8%) | 0.02 |
| Asian | 15 (16%) | 2 (2%) | <0.01 |
| Other/mixed race | 14 (15%) | 33 (33%) | <0.01 |
| Obese, n (%)b | 20 (22%) | 20 (21%) | 0.82 |
| Maternal asthma, n (%) | 21 (23%) | 28 (28%) | 0.41 |
| Paternal asthma, n (%) | 17 (19%) | 16 (16%) | 0.65 |
| Parental income, mean (SD) | $56,484 (26,900) | $50,328 (24,660) | 0.10 |
| Season of home visit, n (%) | 0.48 | ||
| Jan-Mar | 21 (23%) | 22 (22%) | |
| Apr-Jun | 27 (30%) | 37 (37%) | |
| Jul-Sep | 23 (25%) | 26 (26%) | |
| Oct-Dec | 20 (22%) | 14 (14%) | |
| Building type, n (%) | <0.01 | ||
| single/multi family | 56 (62%) | 22 (22%) | |
| apartment | 35 (38%) | 77 (78%) | |
| Floor height, mean (SD)c | 2.8 (2.5) | 5.3 (5.9) | <0.01 |
| Environmental tobacco smoke, n (%) | 14 (15%) | 25 (25%) | 0.09 |
| Material hardship, n (%) | 25 (27%) | 30 (30%) | 0.67 |
| Clinical Outcomes | |||
| Preventive medication, n (%) | 56 (62%) | 62 (63%) | 0.88 |
| Exercise-induced wheeze, n (%) | 33 (36%) | 53 (54%) | 0.02 |
| Urgent asthma visit, n (%) | 18 (20%) | 33 (33%) | 0.04 |
| ED asthma visit, n (%) | 14 (7%) | 21 (11%) | 0.30 |
| FEV1/FVC, mean (SD)d | 0.87 (0.05) | 0.87 (0.06) | 0.91 |
| FeNO, GM (SD)e | 11.5 (2.04) | 11.1 (2.25) | 0.75 |
| Seroatopic, n (%)f | 54 (62%) | 59 (63%) | 0.92 |
| Dust mite exposure (µg/g), GM (SD) | 0.06 (4.12) | 0.05 (3.29) | 0.22 |
| Neighborhood Characteristics | |||
| Race/Ethnicity, mean percent (SD) | |||
| Black | 40% (36) | 48% (26) | 0.07 |
| Latino | 18% (14) | 42% (23) | <0.01 |
| White | 35% (27) | 22% (18) | <0.01 |
| Poverty, mean percent (SD) | 18% (10) | 34% (13) | <0.01 |
| Public assistance, mean percent (SD) | 6% (4) | 15% (7) | <0.01 |
| Crowded housing, mean percent (SD) | 15% (7) | 18% (7) | <0.01 |
| High school educated, mean percent (SD)g | 72% (9) | 60% (12) | <0.01 |
| Single mother, mean percent (SD) | 11% (7) | 21% (7) | <0.01 |
| Street density, km2 (SD) | 17.4 (2.9) | 17.4 (3.2) | 0.98 |
| Truck route density, km2 (SD) | 1.8 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.4) | 0.02 |
| Air pollution point source, mean percent (SD)h | 5% (13) | 12% (20) | <0.01 |
Represents comparison between LAPN and HAPN using chi-square test with the exception of non-categorical variables: floor height, parental income, FEV1/FVC, FeNO, dust mite exposure and Neighborhood Characteristics (T-test).
Defined as BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex
Missing n=2 from HAPN
Missing n=18 from LAPN and n=10 from HAPN.
Missing n=7 from LAPN and n=8 from HAPN.
Seroatopy defined as specific IgE > 0.35 IU/mL to any one of the following allergens: dust mite (d2), cockroach (i6), mouse (e72), cat (e1), dog (e5), ragweed (w1), tree pollen (tx8) and grass (gx2). Missing n=4 from LAPN and n=5 from HAPN.
Defined as percent of the population 25 years and older that graduated from high school.
BMI: body mass index; LAPN: lower asthma prevalence neighborhood; HAPN: higher asthma prevalence neighborhood; FeNO fractional exhaled nitric oxide; GM: geometric mean; SD: standard deviation; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC:forced vital capacity.
Percent of coverage within a 0.5-mile buffer surrounding participants’ address identified as a stationary point source of pollution by the National Emissions Inventory.