Table 2.

Associations of adolescent weekly smoking, weekly drinking, recent cannabis use, lifetime drugs use and early sexual intercourse with religious attendance, spirituality (standardized to z-scores), their joint association and their interaction, adjusted for age, gender and socio-economic status (FAS) (odds ratios, OR, and 95% confidence intervals, CI) (Czech Republic, 2014)

	Weekly smoking		Weekly drinking		Recent cannabis use (15 years old)		Lifetime drugs use (15 years old)		Early sexual intercourse (15 years old)
	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
Model 1: religious attendance
Non-attending	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)	1 (ref)
Attending	0.61 (0.39–0.94)*	0.57 (0.36–0.88)*	0.75 (0.52–1.09)	0.74 (0.51–1.08)	1.08 (0.62–1.88)	1.03 (0.59–1.80)	1.40 (0.84–2.34)	1.39 (0.83–2.32)	0.72 (0.48–1.09)	0.67 (0.44–1.01)
Model 2: spirituality (per SD)	0.84 (0.76–0.92)***	0.88 (0.80–0.97)*	0.91 (0.83–0.996)*	0.91 (0.83–0.995)*	0.93 (0.80–1.09)	0.91 (0.78–1.07)	1.05 (0.90–1.22)	1.06 (0.91–1.24)	0.98 (0.88–1.08)	0.95 (0.85–1.05)
Model 3: religious attendance and spirituality mutually adjusteda
Attending versus non-attending	0.75 (0.48–1.18)	0.64 (0.40–1.02)	0.84 (0.57–1.24)	0.82 (0.55–1.23)	1.22 (0.67–2.23)	1.19 (0.65–2.16)	1.39 (0.78–2.45)	1.35 (0.76–2.38)	0.71 (0.46–1.10)	0.68 (0.44–1.07)
Spirituality (per SD)	0.86 (0.77–0.95)**	0.91 (0.82–1.01)	0.93 (0.84–1.02)	0.92 (0.84–1.02)	0.91 (0.77–1.08)	0.90 (0.76–1.07)	1.007 (0.85–1.19)	1.02 (0.86–1.21)	1.01 (0.90–1.13)	0.98 (0.88–1.10)
Model 4: interactionb
Attendance versus non-attendance	1.10 (0.68–1.80)	0.96 (0.58–1.60)	1.18 (0.75–1.87)	1.17 (0.73–1.88)	2.00 (1.08–3.72)*	1.88 (1.01–3.53)*	2.54 (1.34–4.82)**	2.54 (1.34–4.83)**	1.04 (0.61–1.78)	0.96 (0.56–1.66)
Spirituality (per SD)	0.89 (0.80–0.995)*	0.95 (0.85–1.06)	0.96 (0.87–1.06)	0.96 (0.86–1.06)	1.01 (0.84–1.20)	0.99 (0.82–1.18)	1.10 (0.92–1.31)	1.12 (0.94–1.34)	1.05 (0.93–1.18)	1.02 (0.90–1.14)
Religious attendance × spirituality (per SD)	0.61 (0.43–0.87)**	0.60 (0.41–0.87)**	0.69 (0.50–0.95)*	0.69 (0.50–0.95)*	0.47 (0.29–0.78)**	0.49 (0.30–0.82)**	0.50 (0.30–0.82)**	0.48 (0.29–0.80)**	0.67 (0.46–0.98)*	0.70 (0.47–1.02)

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; Those with p-values below 0.05 are considered significant and are shown in bold; SD standard deviation

^aModel 3: logit(Health-risk behaviour) = α + β₁ * RA + β₂ * spirituality + β₃ * gender + β₄ * age + β₅ * SES + ε

^bModel 4: logit(Health-risk behaviour) = α + β₁ * RA + β₂ * spirituality + β₃ * RA * spirituality + β₄ * gender + β₅ * age + β₆ * SES + ε