Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline (T0) stratified by gender and pre-frailty status.
| Men (n = 91) |
Women (n = 121) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-frail | Pre-frail | Corrected p-value (BH) | Non-frail | Pre-frail | Corrected p-value (BH) | |
| Number of subjects | 60 | 31 | – | 67 | 54 | – |
| Age (years) | 71.2 ± 3.9 | 72.7 ± 3.6 | 0.36 | 70.6 ± 3.8 | 71.7 ± 3.7 | 0.66 |
| Frailty criteria (n, %) | ||||||
| Weakness | – | 16 (51.6) | – | 27 (50.9) | ||
| Shrinking | – | 7 (22.6) | – | 15 (9.4) | ||
| Endurance | – | 6 (19.3) | – | 20 (37.7) | ||
| Low activity | – | 5 (16.1) | – | 10 (18.9) | ||
| Slowness | – | 1 (3.2) | – | 2 (3.8) | ||
| SPPB score | 11.6 ± 0.8 | 11.3 ± 0.8 | 0.47 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | 10.8 ± 1.5 | 0.33 |
| Hand grip test measure (kg) | 39.9 ± 6.2 | 32.9 ± 8.2 | 4.2 × 10-4 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 20.8 ± 5.6 | 5.1 × 10-4 |
| Gait speed (sec) | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 0.44 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 0.13 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 4.0 | 28.2 ± 3.6 | 0.70 | 27.0 ± 3.9 | 28.5 ± 3.9 | 0.34 |
| Whole body weight (kg) | 81.5 ± 14.1 | 83.6 ± 13.8 | 0.78 | 68.5 ± 10.7 | 70.9 ± 12.3 (n = 53) | 0.68 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 24.7 ± 8.9 | 26.4 ± 8.6 | 0.74 | 28.4 ± 8.2 | 30.6 ± 8.8 (n = 53) | 0.68 |
| Body lean mass (kg) | 53.8 ± 6.5 | 54.1 ± 6.3 | 0.91 | 37.9 ± 3.7 | 38.2 ± 4.6 (n = 53) | 0.97 |
Data are presented as means ± SD. Bold: significant p-values (≤0.05) in ANOVA, with Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) correction, to assess the effects of phenotype (pre-frail vs. non-frail). Gait speed: time (s) needed to walk for 4.57 m. SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.