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. 2019 Jan 30;9:969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37187-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In human vastus lateralis, macrophages increase following 12 weeks EET and are associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy. (A) M2 (CD11b+/CD206+) macrophages do not increase 3 days after a single bout of RE. However, M2 macrophages are increased following EET (P < 0.05) and EET does not modulate the macrophage response 3 days after a final bout of RE (RE x EET NS, N = 14, 2-way ANOVA). (B) Following EET, the increase in macrophages per fiber is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy, assessed by change in fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) (r = 0.49, P < 0.05, N = 20). (C) The change in M2 macrophages per fiber is also positively associated with increased satellite cells per fiber (assessed by Pax7 IHC) following EET (r = 0.47, P < 0.05, N = 18). (D) M2 macrophages are sometimes observed in close proximity to Pax7+ satellite cells, as in this 100x z-stack image.