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. 2019 Jan 30;10:493. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08355-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Long-term gastric retention and physiological monitoring of the ingestible hydrogel device. a Working principle of the gastric-retentive hydrogel device, which enters through the esophagus into the stomach as an ingestible pill, resides in the stomach in its swollen state for a prolonged period of time, and exits through the pylorus as a shrunken capsule and small particles. b Comparison of Young’s moduli among recently reported ingestible devices^{6–8,10,12–15} and the hydrogel device in current work. c Number of hydrogel devices and non-swellable devices (i.e., without any superabsorbent particles) being retained in the porcine stomach as a function of time (N = 3 for each group). d Endoscopic images depicting the swelling of the hydrogel device in the porcine stomach. e X-ray images of the hydrogel device residing in the porcine stomach before being emptied into distal parts of the GI tract (here shown for 29 days in stomach). f Continuous measurement of porcine gastric temperature by a sensor embedded in the hydrogel device. g Photos of ex vivo shrinkage of the hydrogel device triggered by the addition of 0.6 M calcium chloride solution. Scale bars are 10 mm in (d), 5 cm in (e) and (g)