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. 2019 Jan 30;9:1012. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36298-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vagal stimulation attenuates hyperglycemia by inducing insulin. (a) Mice were challenged with LPS and received sham or vagal stimulation (VS; 10 Hz, 60 min). Blood glucose levels were analyzed at different time points. *p < 0.05 vs sham (n = 4/group; Two-way ANOVA). (b,c) Mice underwent sham or surgical splenectomy (SPX) 3 days before LPS. Animals underwent control surgery or vagal stimulation (VS), and serum TNF at 1.5 h (b); ⁺p < 0.05 vs LPS (n = 3/group; One-way ANOVA), or blood glucose levels (c) were analyzed. *p < 0.05 vs LPS (n = 4/group; Two-way ANOVA). (d) Fasted mice received sham or vagal stimulation (VS), and serum insulin levels were analyzed at the indicated time points. *p < 0.05 vs LPS (n = 4/group; Two-way ANOVA). (e,f) Fasted mice underwent sham or surgical pancreatectomy (PX) 1 day before LPS, underwent sham or vagal stimulation, and blood insulin (e) or glucose (f) levels were analyzed at 1.5 h post-LPS. ⁺p < 0.05 vs LPS (n = 4/group; One-way ANOVA).