Table 1.
Randomized controlled and double blinded trials
| Trial | Sample | Number of subjects (completed) | Augmentation? | Drug/neuromodulation | Dose | Trial duration | Outcome | Other information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bernik et al. [12] | PD patients; comorbidities allowed | 30 | No | D-fenfluramine/pindolol | 30mg/5 mg | Single dose; flumazenil-induced anxiety attacks | PA and limited-symptom attacks were observed in 50% ofPLA, 50% of PIN and 70% of FEN group patients. There were no statistical differences between groups. | PAN did not experience higher increases in respiratory frequency than NPAN |
| Goddard et al. [14] | SSRI/SNRI resistant PD patients; comorbidities allowed | 26 (21) | SSRI/SNRI | Quetiapine extended release | 50-400 mg | 8 weeks | QXR group was not superior to placebo; response:* QXR 46%, PLA 38% | |
| Mantovani et al. [15] (phase 1) | Treatment resistant patients with PD+MDD | 25 (21) | Antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and other drugs. | rTMS over the right DLPFC | Twenty 30-min. trains (1,800 stimuli/train), 1-Hz, at 110% of resting motor threshold | 4 weeks | Response:† 50% rTMS, 8% sham; remission:‡ 25% rTMS, 8% sham; significant decrease in PDSS scores in active rTMS; no differences in CGI-S scores | No significant decrease in depression symptoms |
| Deppermann et al. [13] | PD patients; comorbidities allowed | 44 | Allowed SSRI an SNRI; CBT | iTBS over the left DLPFC | 15 trains at 80% of resting motor threshold | 3 weeks | No significant differences between the verum and sham group (PAS and HAM-A); significant improvement of self-rated agoraphobic avoidance in the verum group |
responders: 50% decrease from their baseline PDSS scores,
response: ≥40% decrease from the baseline PDSS scores and ≥50% decrease on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores,
remission: PDSS scores below five and Hamilton depression rating scale scores below 10.
CGI-S: Clinical Global Impression Severity, DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, FEN: d-fenfluramine, HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, iTBS: Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation, MDD: major depression disorder, NPAN: patients not experiencing flumazenil-induced Pas, PA: panic attack, PAN: patients experiencing flumazenil-induced Pas, PAS: Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, PD: panic disorder, PDSS: Panic Disorder Severity Scale, PIN: pindolol, PLA: placebo, QXR: quetiapine extended release, rTMS: repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, SNRI: serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor