Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of training and control groups.
| Baseline | Training (Mean ± SD) | Control (Mean ± SD) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number (n) | 78 | 63 | – |
| Sex (% female)a | 33/84 | 42/63 | 0.006⁎ |
| Ageb | 69.5 ± 7.3 | 71.5 ± 6.8 | 0.100 |
| Years of educationb | 13.8 ± 2.5 | 13.5 ± 2.5 | 0.500 |
| Diabetesa | 21/72 | 18/60 | >0.99 |
| Hypertensiona | 33/72 | 24/60 | 0.597 |
| MMSEb | 28.0 ± 1.7 | 28.0 ± 1.7 | 0.921 |
| ACE-Rb | 87.3 ± 5.7 | 89.3 ± 6.8 | 0.063 |
| Attention | 17.1 ± 1.1 | 17.2 ± 1.0 | 0.833 |
| Memory | 22.3 ± 4.5 | 23.0 ± 2.6 | 0.283 |
| Fluency | 9.9 ± 2.1 | 8.9 ± 2.0 | 0.008⁎ |
| Language | 24.5 ± 1.7 | 23.2 ± 1.9 | 0.001⁎ |
| Visuospatial ability | 15.5 ± 0.9 | 14.9 ± 1.2 | 0.004⁎ |
| Complex figure testb | |||
| Copy | 34.1 ± 4.6 | 34.3 ± 2.6 | 0.643 |
| Recall | 17.0 ± 9.2 | 12.5 ± 8.3 | 0.003⁎ |
| AVLTb | |||
| Immediate recall | 20.3 ± 5.0 | 16.9 ± 6.6 | 0.001⁎ |
| 5-min recall | 6.1 ± 3.6 | 4.9 ± 3.4 | 0.053 |
| 20-min recall | 6.5 ± 4.2 | 4.1 ± 3.9 | 0.001⁎ |
| 20-min recognition | 20.9 ± 3.2 | 19.5 ± 5.3 | 0.061 |
| SCWTb | |||
| Word | 25.1 ± 4.0 | 25.1 ± 4.0 | 0.359 |
| Color | 38.9 ± 8.5 | 38.1 ± 7.5 | 0.562 |
| Interference | 77.2 ± 21.8 | 84.7 ± 29.3 | 0.081 |
| Index | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 0.393 |
| Shape trail testb | |||
| STT-A | 67.0 ± 22.2 | 73.5 ± 18.7 | 0.067 |
| STT-B | 151.3 ± 74.5 | 168.6 ± 56.5 | 0.119 |
| SDSb | 40.1 ± 10.9 | 36.3 ± 11.0 | 0.038⁎ |
MMSE, mini mental state examination; ACER, Addenbrooke's cognitive examination-revised; AVLT, auditory verbal learning test; STT, shape trail test; SDS, symbol digit substitution test; SD, standard deviation; SCWT, stroop color-word test.
a
Chi-square test.
b
Independent t-test.
⁎
p < .05.